Cited by 170Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPsychometric Methodologies and TestingReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measuring meaning in life: An examination of three scales

Chamberlain, Kerry, Zika, Sheryl·1988·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90157-2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90157-2

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Man's Search for Meaning
FRANKL, V. E. (1946) · Cited by 3,910
Health, stress and coping
(1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e530902004-001 · Cited by 3,690
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE IN FACTOR ANALYSIS
Bartlett, M. S. (1950) · British Journal of Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x · Cited by 2,565
The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences
Cattell, R. B. (1978) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2262-7 · Cited by 2,165
An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept ofnoogenic neurosis
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:2 · Cited by 1,203
The Development of Meaning in Life†
Battista, J., & Almond, R. (1973) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1973.11023774 · Cited by 603
Cross-validation of Purpose-in-Life test based on Frankl's concepts.
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 548
The Development of a Sense of Coherence and Its Impact on Responses to Stress Situations
Antonovsky, H. F., & Sagy, S. (1986) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/19401183.1986.12461516 · Cited by 427
The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences
Erdos, G. (1979) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(79)90014-0 · Cited by 326
The Life Attitude Profile (LAP): A multidimensional instrument for assessing attitudes toward life.
Reker, G. T., & Peacock, E. J. (1981) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0081178 · Cited by 215

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Padelford, 1974, Relationship between drug involvement and purpose in life, J. Clin. Psychol., 30, 303, 10.1002/1097-4679(197407)30:3<303::AID-JCLP2270300323>3.0.CO;2-2 · DOI
Reker, 1977, The Purpose-in-Life Test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation, J. Clin. Psychol., 33, 688, 10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3<688::AID-JCLP2270330316>3.0.CO;2-F · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–170 of 170

The dimensionality and construct valid measurement of life meaning
Edwards, M. J. (2007) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 7
Managerial level, managerial motivation and sense of coherence
Coetzee, M., Viviers, A. M., & Visser, D. (2006) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v32i3.435 · Cited by 6
Boredom as a neglected issue in violence prevention programs in schools
Ashford, M. (1996) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 6
The Relationships of Meaning in Life with Subjective Well-Being and Depression: Comparison between University Students and Middle-Aged Adults
박선영, & Kwon, S. (2014) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2014.33.3.006 · Cited by 5
Philosophical Foundations, Definitions, and Measures of Wellbeing
Sirgy, M. J. (2021) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71888-6_1 · Cited by 5
Philosophical Foundations, Definitions, and Measures
Sirgy, M. J. (2012) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4405-9_1 · Cited by 5
Purpose in life among very old people
Hedberg, P. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 5
Öğretmenlerde yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik sağlamlık: Yaşamda anlamın varlığı mı yoksa aranması mı?
Uzun, K., & TORTUMLU, M. (2024) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.33400/kuje.1405134 · Cited by 4
The uncertainties of self and identity
Halen, C. P. M. V. (2002) · Cited by 4
Effects of Needs and Need Satisfaction on Wellbeing
Sirgy, M. J. (2021) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71888-6_12 · Cited by 3
Positive Balance at the Developmental Level: Eudaimonia
Sirgy, M. J. (2020) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-40289-1_6 · Cited by 3
The Relation of Recalled Life Events, Childhood Relationships with Parents and Meaning in Life
Kolarik, B. (2010) · Research on Steiner education · Cited by 3
CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE REGARD INDEX-REVISED
Yockey, R. D. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.99.3.704-708 · Cited by 3
Materialistic tendencies: Materialism and psychological well-being in an Australian adult sample
Windisch, L., & MacDermott, S. (2009) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · Cited by 3
The way justice unleashes staff’s compassion toward hotel guests
Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara, P., & Guerra-Báez, R. M. (2016) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-04-2015-0862 · Cited by 3
Types of mindsets
Khurram, S., Khurram, A., & Ashraf, N. (2019) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-07-2017-1201 · Cited by 2
Teste propósito de vida: propriedades psicométricas e evidências de validade
Nascimento, R. B. T., & Dias, T. L. (2019) · Revista Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.15689/ap.2019.1802.15459.08 · Cited by 3
The relationship between managerial motivation and sense of coherence
Coetzee, M. G. (2009) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 3
Psychology, Values, and the Meaning of Life: Bridging the Philosophy–Psychology Divide
Drob, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678221116170 · Cited by 3
“…& Wong, 1988) have produced evidence to show that there is a cognitive component to the meaning of life that involves beliefs and schemas, and Chamberlain and Zika (1988) have suggested, based on research using the Purpose of Life Test, that one avenue to the meaning of life involves a clear…”
Systematic review of search for meaning in life assessment tools: highlighting the need for a quest for significance scale
Al-Saadi, F. M. R. A.-S. F. M. R., Maldonado, M. Á., Erfanikia, M., Molinario, E., & Moyano, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1513720 · Cited by 2
“In clinical practice, tools like the Purpose in Life (PIL) test (Chamberlain and Zika, 1988) and its short form (PIL-SF) (Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2023) are particularly useful for evaluating life purpose and coherence, guiding interventions for individuals experiencing existential distress.”
Influential
The mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between self-determination and meaning in life in adolescent Ergenlerde öz-belirleyicilik ve yaşamda anlam ilişkisinde temel psikolojik gereksinimlerin aracı rolü
Çelik, N. D., & Tezcan, F. (2017) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4509 · Cited by 2
PREDICTING HAPPINESS AND LIFE SATISFACTION FROM INDIVIDUALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF LIFE
Dissanayake, M. P., Kamble, S. V., & Patil, A. C. (2018) · International Conference on Arts and Humanities · doi:10.17501/icoah.2017.4203 · Cited by 2
Σχέσεις ανάμεσα στο νόημα στη ζωή, τη θρησκευτικότητα και την ικανοποίηση από τη ζωή σε οικογένειες ατόμων με αναπηρία
Πλατσίδου, Μ., Kartasidou, L., & Πετρίδου, Α. (2022) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.29162 · Cited by 2
THE EFFECT OF RELIGION ON THE HUMAN MIND: ANALYSES OF LANGUAGE USE AND PERSONALITY
Kim, K., Jiho, J. A. N. G., Park, J., & Lee, C. H. (2011) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2011.145 · Cited by 2
“Typical findings have included a positive association between religiosity and subjective well-being (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Delbridge, Headey, & Wearing, 1994; Willits & Crider, 1988), healthy lifestyles (Cochran, 1992; Wallace Jr & Forman, 1998), and improvements in mental health (Regnerus & Smith, 2005; Smith & F…”
Background
The Mediating role of Meaning in Life between the Experiences of Parental Bereavement and Posttraumatic Growth among University Students
Yoon, M., 최혜정, & 김남희 (2013) · Korean Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.16975/kjfsw.2013..39.003 · Cited by 2
The relationship study on age difference between the search for meaning in life, the presence of meaning in life and satisfaction with life: The relationship between meaning level in life and satisfaction with life and the moderating effect of the search for meaning among 10’s, 20’s and 40’s
Kim, S. H., & Park, S. (2017) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2017.31.1.004 · Cited by 2
PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK VE YAŞAMDA MEVCUT ANLAMIN LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN YAŞAM DOYUMLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ÇEKİÇ, Y. S. A. (2019) · Turkish Studies - Educational Sciences · doi:10.29228/turkishstudies.22582 · Cited by 2
Die Bedeutung der Erziehung und kritischer Lebensereignisse für den Sinn des Lebens
Kolarik, B. (2009) · University of Vienna · doi:10.25365/thesis.6966 · Cited by 2
Doing meaning: A theoretical and grounded exploration of workplace relationships and meaningful work
Robertson, K. M.-P. (2013) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 2
Meaning in Life
Steger, M. F., Bundick, M. J., & Yeager, D. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_316 · Cited by 2
Finding meaning in the workplace
Jaarsveld, Z. G. V. (2004) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 2
Purpose in Life: a Comparison between Communities of the Non-religious and the Religious
Robbins, M., & Longden, G. (2024) · Journal of Empirical Theology · doi:10.1163/15709256-20240003 · Cited by 1
Logoterapi Yönelimli Sağaltım Programının Bireylerin Ruh Sağlığı, Hayatın Anlam ve Amacı Düzeylerine Etkisi
Cüneyt, O. K. C. U., & Demir, V. (2024) · İçtimaiyat · doi:10.33709/ictimaiyat.1371805 · Cited by 1
Social involvement and social well-being in attainment of millennial flourishing
Taylor, S. A., Black, H. G., Donovan, L. A. N., & Judson, K. M. (2015) · Cited by 1
SEARCHING FOR MEANING: AN INVESTIGATION OF LIFE MEANING IN DEPRESSED ADULTS
Braden, A. L. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Religiosity and Authoritative Parenting Style: Prediction of a Positive Relationship with the Meaningfulness of Student Life
Mujidin, M., & Muthmainnah, A. (2022) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v11i2.23547 · Cited by 1
Pozitif Öğretmenin Özelliklerinin Duygusal Zekâ, Yaşama Anlam Yükleme ve Öz-Anlayış Açılarından İncelenmesi
Eryılmaz, A., & Uzun, A. E. (2023) · Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.20860/ijoses.1189762 · Cited by 1
Measuring Purpose in Life: A Review
Schultz, D. (2015) · Graduate Student Journal of Psychology · doi:10.52214/gsjp.v16i.10896 · Cited by 1
“Although the PIL has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of life purpose (Bronk, 2014; Zika & Chamberlain, 1988, 1992), it has been subject to numerous criticisms related to its dimensionality, factor structure, and construct validity (Shek, 1988; Yalom 1980; Zika & Chamberlain, 1992).”
Background
Propiedades psicométricas de la escala sentido de coherencia (soc-29) en adolescentes españoles. = Propriedades psicométricas da escala sentido de coerência (soc-29) em adolescentes espanhóis. = Psychometric properties of the sense of coherence scale (soc-29) in spanish adolescents.
Rivera, F., López, A., Ramos, P., & Rodríguez, M. D. C. M. (2011) · Revista de Psicologia da Criança e do Adolescente · Cited by 1
Christian Faith Enhances Meaning in Life
Chan, T.-C., & Kong, F. (2022) · Atlantis highlights in social sciences, education and humanities/Atlantis Highlights in Social Sciences, Education and Humanities · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-096-1_15 · Cited by 1
Heal thyself nurse : the development of a logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme for student nurses
Mason, H. D. (2014) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1
Meaning in life through children's eyes : the views and experiences of eight year old children in Israel
Sharon, Y. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Life-meaning, psychological health, and well-being
Gerschman, E. S. M. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.26180/4597573
The Relationship Between Graduate Counseling Students’ Meaning in Life and Their Crisis
Dinkel, L. M. (2011) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
The Impact of Prostate Cancer on Survivors’ Sense of Meaning in Life
Brady, C. A. (2014) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · doi:10.13140/2.1.3410.2089
Social involvement, existential awareness, and perceived vulnerability in older adults
Zarlengo, M. (2012) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
Effects of Needs and Need Satisfaction on Subjective QOL
Sirgy, M. J. (2012) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4405-9_12
A preliminary investigation of sense of humor and purpose in life
Batten, S. (2002) · DigitalCommons@UNO
Comparison of the effectiveness of four group therapies in improving the quality of life in menopausal women Porównanie skutecznoœci czterech modeli terapii grupowej w poprawie jakoœci ¿ycia kobiet w okresie menopauzalnym
Jafary, F., & Afzali, L. (2013)
A Study on the Affecting Factors of Wage Level of the Persons with Cerebral Impairments
Im, J., & Whang, Y.-W. (2010) · Disability & Employment · doi:10.15707/disem.2010.20.1.007
Examing Positive Psychological Constructs in the Context of 12-Step Recovery
Bietra, D. (2015) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
The Trajectory of Coping with Trauma: Meaning Making as a Factor in Determining the Trauma Outcome for Combat Veterans
Spero, R. A. (2016) · doi:10.33915/etd.6702
Religiosity, coping and suicidality among the religious Zionist community of Israel.
Band, M. (2006) · Doctoral thesis, University of London.
Developing a measure of cognitive deconstruction
Nicholes, Z. C. (2010) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.4226/66/5a95f59ec6827
Meaning Self-Efficacy Scale (MSE): Development and Validation of a Measure of the Perceived Ability to Generate Meaning After Traumatic Life Events
Waldrep, E. E. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Questionário de Sentido de Vida: Evidências de sua Validade Fatorial e Consistência Interna Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Evidence of its Factor Validity Cuestionario de Sentido de Vida: Evidencias de su Validez Factorial y Fiabilidad
Antonio, T. S., de Aguiar, A. A., & Fernandes, A. S. (2015)
Cultural values and happiness of leaders in mining company : implications for diversity and inclusion.
Zungu, T. (2016) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Prediction power of sense of coherence on loneliness among high-school students
Tomšík, R., & Rajčániová, E. (2020) · Diskuze v psychologii · doi:10.5507/dvp.2020.001
Resiliency and Well-Being
Duhon, B. M., Varkey, A. C., Woodruff, A. L., Donahue, K. R., & Scott, S. A. (2019) · ASHP eBooks · doi:10.37573/9781585286270.016
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECISION-MAKING HEURISTICS AND PERCEIVED QUALITY OF LIFE
Unkic, N., & Okičić, J. (2021) · Eurasian Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.15604/ejbm.2021.09.02.001
Association between Perceived Family Support and Purpose in Life among Secondary School Students Living within Moshi Municipality in Tanzania
Maleli, J. (2017)
The role of family and work in a population of Portuguese young adults
Parada, F., & Coimbra, J. L. (2001) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Bibliographie
Bernaud, J.-L., Lhotellier, L., Sovet, L., et al. (2020) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.berna.2020.01.0141
Bibliographie
Bernaud, J., Lhotellier, L., Sovet, L., Arnoux-Nicolas, C., & Pelayo, F. M. (2015) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.berna.2015.01.0125
Purpose in Life and Temporal Focus across the Adult Lifespan
Boreham, I. D., O’Gorman, C., & Bailey, P. E. (2025) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-025-09638-4
“Factor analysis of this scale (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988) found separate factors for positive and negatively worded items.”
Mirakel inom äldreomsorgen? – idén om en salutogen äldreomsorg och dess omsättning i praktiken
Johansson, M., & Bergman, A. (2016) · Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift · doi:10.3384/svt.2014.21.1.2425
Sustainability and Well-being Synergy: The Impact of Energy Transition on the Livelihood of Women in the SSA
Irene, B. N., Ndlovu, E., Nwaozuzu, D., Ariyo, B., Ndeh, S., & Akahome, J. E. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-216-320251007 · Cited by 4
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Yaşamın Anlamı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Merhametin Düzenleyici Rolü
Eşref, N. A. S. (2025) · Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.31592/aeusbed.1664875
Bien-être subjectif et indécision vocationnelle : une comparaison interculturelle.
Sovet, L. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/418f00cbz134dz46ebza805z2238008519bb
Theoretical Examination of Operationalisations of Meaning-In-Life in Seven Scales: Some Implications for Meaning-In-Life Research
Hochwälder, J. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261450516

Authors: Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S.
Affiliations: Massey University (NZ)
ORCID: Chamberlain, Kerry
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1988-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 589-596
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90157-2
OpenAlex: W2050792385
Cited by: 170
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: meaning in life, scale validation, factor structure, meaning of life, sense of coherence, multidimensional construct, higher-order factor analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measuring meaning in life: An examination of three scales

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks