The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Randomization in clinical trials: Conclusions and recommendations
Open accessAbstract
The statistical properties of simple (complete) randomization, permuted-block (or simply blocked) randomization, and the urn adaptive biased-coin randomization are summarized. These procedures are contrasted to covariate adaptive procedures such as minimization and to response adaptive procedures such as the play-the-winner rule. General recommendations are offered regarding the use of complete, permuted-block, or urn randomization. In a large double-masked trial, any of these procedures may be acceptable. For a given trial, the relative merits of each procedure should be carefully weighed in relation to the characteristics of the trial. Important considerations are the size of the trial, overall as well as within the smallest subgroup to be employed in a subgroup-specific analysis, whether or not the trial is to be masked, and the resources needed to perform the proper randomization-based permutational analysis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Women who met these criteria were randomly assigned by the coordinating center, with the use of the simple urn method,11 stratified by clinical center.”
From A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Youth with LOC participating in study 3 are randomized according to a permuted block design [46] to CBT-E or INTER-E first.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pocock, S. J., & Simon, R. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529712 · Cited by 2,350
Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups
Taves, D. R. (1974) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1974155443 · Cited by 891
The Randomized Play-the-Winner Rule in Medical Trials
Wei, L., & Durham, S. D. (1978) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1978.10480109 · Cited by 480
Self-citationPlay the Winner Rule and the Controlled Clinical Trial
Zelen, M. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10500959 · Cited by 447
Properties of permuted-block randomization in clinical trials
Matts, J. P., & Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90047-5 · Cited by 321 · cited 10×
“can be expressed as T1 = (1 - R)T, where T is the p roper blocked-stratified test statistic value [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationProperties of the urn randomization in clinical trials
Wei, L. J., & Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90048-7 · Cited by 308
Self-citationAllocation of Patients to Treatment in Clinical Trials
Pocock, S. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529944 · Cited by 246
Statistical properties of randomization in clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90045-1 · Cited by 200
Self-citationRestricted Randomization Designs in Clinical Trials
Simon, R. M. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530354 · Cited by 178
Properties of simple randomization in clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90046-3 · Cited by 175
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes
Landon, M. B., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Rouse, D. J., Thorp, J. M., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0902430 · Cited by 2,122
A Reengineered Hospital Discharge Program to Decrease Rehospitalization
Jack, B. W., Chetty, V. K., Anthony, D., Greenwald, J. L., Sanchez, G. M., Johnson, A. E., Forsythe, S. R., O'Donnell, J. K., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., Manasseh, C., et al. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00007 · Cited by 1,613
An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research
Suresh, K. (2011) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82352 · Cited by 1,070
RetractedGeneration of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance, not choice
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07683-3 · Cited by 774
The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials
Scott, N. W., McPherson, G. C., Ramsay, C. R., & Campbell, M. K. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00242-8 · Cited by 651
Metadata
- Authors
- Lachin, J. M., Matts, J. P., & Wei, L. J.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lachin, John M.
- Venue
- Controlled Clinical Trials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-374
- ISSN
- 0197-2456 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001307401
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Controlled Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01am027769-05, 5r01dk039826-05)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-39826, N01-DK-2-2206)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- randomization, permuted block randomization, covariate-adaptive randomization, minimization, response-adaptive randomization, subgroup analysis
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Random Allocation, Research Design, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
