Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinician/assessment bias (e.g., due to racial stereotypes) or criterion bias may lead to an overestimation of antisocial traits in African Americans.
“Clinician/assessment bias (e.g. due to racial stereotypes) or criterion bias (e.g., construct validity issues) may lead to an overestimation of AS traits in African Americans (Widiger & Spitzer, 1991).”
From Childhood Physical Abuse and Antisocial Traits: Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters (2022) · cites this paper as Widiger & Spitzer, 1991
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,468 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. A. (1972) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011 · Cited by 5,491 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806 · see citing works
Progress in experimental personality research
Maher, W. B., & Maher, B. A. (1964) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 2,347 · see citing works
Establishment of Diagnostic Validity in Psychiatric Illness: Its Application to Schizophrenia
ROBINS, E., & GUZE, S. B. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1977) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.100.3.309 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S. R. (1970) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028797 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1031 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., et al. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.283 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Stengel, E. (1960) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5178.1031-b · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Deaux, K. (1985) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.000405 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Leslie, L. A., & Walker, L. E. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584377 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students.
Rosenkrantz, P. S., Vogel, S. R., Bee, H. L., Broverman, I. K., & Broverman, D. M. (1968) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025909 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Disorders of Personality: DSM-III: Axis II
Millon, T. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes
Akiskal, H. S. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.1.11 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Gender, Race, and DSM-III: A Study of the Objectivity of Psychiatric Diagnostic Behavior
Loring, M. T., & Powell, B. (1988) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137177 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
MMPI Scales for DSM-III Personality Disorders: Their Derivation and Correlates
Morey, L. C., Waugh, M. H., & Blashfield, R. K. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4903_5 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
A Checklist for the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Astrachan, B. M., Harrow, M., Adler, D. G., Brauer, L. D., Schwartz, A., Schwartz, C., & TUCKER, G. J. (1972) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.121.5.529 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Assault experiences of 100 psychiatric inpatients: evidence of the need for routine inquiry
Jacobson, A., & Richardson, B. R. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.7.908 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations.
López, S. R. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.184 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Psychiatry update : American Psychiatric Association annual review
Hales, R. E., FRANCES, A. J., & Grinspoon, L. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Sex differences in schizophrenia: Timing or subtypes?
Lewine, R. R. J. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.432 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
SPENCE, J. T. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues
Spitzer, R. L. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.2.210 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationThe DSM-III-R personality disorders: an overview
Widiger, T. A., Frances, A., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.7.786 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationBuss, D. M. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.10.1135 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Sex differences in childhood psychopathology: A review.
Eme, R. F. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.574 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
PFOHL, B. M., Coryell, W. H., Zimmerman, M., & Stangl, D. K. (1986) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(86)90066-0 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Kaplan, M. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: origins and developmental influences.
Earls, F. J. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. V. Hysteria, hypomania and psychopathic deviate.
McKinley, J., & Hathaway, S. R. (1944) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059245 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Kaplan, M. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.786 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders.
Ford, M. R., & Widiger, T. A. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.2.301 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of diagnostic criteria on the ratio of male to female schizophrenic patients
Lewine, R. R. J., Burbach, D. J., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.1.84 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Morey, L. C., & Ochoa, E. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.180 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
HURWITA, A. (1985) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-198505000-00035 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The politics of clinical judgment: Early empirical returns.
Abramowitz, C. V., & Dokecki, P. R. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.460 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Sex bias in counseling and psychotherapy.
Smith, M. L. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.392 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Trait and behavioral prototypes of personality disorder
Livesley, W. J. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.6.728 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
An appraisal of the relationship between women and psychotherapy: 80 years after the case of Dora.
Hare‐Mustin, R. T. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.5.593 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
(1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The MMPI: A Contemporary Normative Study.
Colligan, R. C. (1983) · Praeger eBooks · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Inequality and women's mental health: an overview
Carmen, E. H., Russo, N. F., & Miller, J. B. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.10.1319 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
THE DIAGNOSIS OF ANTISOCIAL AND HYSTERICAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Warner, R. (1978) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197812000-00002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Representative thinking in clinical judgment
Dawes, R. (1986) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(86)90030-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kass, F., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.799 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe MMPI: A Contemporary Normative Study
Duker, J. (1984) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61504-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sex distribution of DSM-III personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients
Reich, J. H. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.4.485 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women.
Stricker, G. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.32.1.14 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chodoff, P. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.5.545 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
An appraisal of the relationship between women and psychotherapy: 80 years after the case of Dora.
Hare‐Mustin, R. T. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.5.593 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Personality Syndromes
Psychol, S. T. C. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240070008 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The role of labeling processes in diagnosing borderline personality disorder
Henry, K. A., & Cohen, C. I. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.11.1527 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Categorical Distinction Between Personality and Affective Disorders
Widiger, T. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.2.77 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationGender-role analysis: A neglected component of psychological assessment.
Brown, L. S. (1986) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085604 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sex Bias in Clinical Judgment: Later Empirical Returns
DAVIDSON, C. V., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01112.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sex bias, diagnosis, and DSM-III
Hamilton, S., Rothbart, M., & Dawes, R. M. (1986) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288316 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women
Gove, W. R. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01109.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Broverman et al. revisited: An artifactual sex bias.
Widiger, T. A., & Settle, S. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.463 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationThe demographic profile of borderline personality disorder.
Akhtar, S., Byrne, J. P., & Doghramji, K. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder and DSM-III-R
Spitzer, R. L., Severino, S. K., Williams, J. B. W., & Parry, B. L. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.7.892 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in Psychiatric Evaluation and Treatment
Zeldow, P. B. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770250091009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women.
Stricker, G. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.1.14 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Politics of Personality Disorder
Landrine, H. (1989) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01005.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Inadequacies of the Masochistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis for Women
Walker, L. E. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.183 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The issue of sex bias in DSM-III. A critique of "A Woman's View of DSM-III" by Marcie Kaplan.
Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationThe issue of sex bias in DSM-III: A critique of "A Woman's View of DSM-III" by Marcie Kaplan.
Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.793 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMasochistic personality: an empirical study
Kass, F., MacKinnon, R. A., & Spitzer, R. L. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.2.216 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDemography of Psychiatric Patients with Borderline Personality Traits
Snyder, S., Goodpaster, W. A., Pitts, W. M., Pokorny, A. D., & Gustin, Q. L. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000284214 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
National field trial of the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for self- defeating personality disorder
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Kass, F., & Davies, M. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.12.1561 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationOn a premenstrual psychiatric diagnosis: What's in a name?
Gallant, S. J. A., & Hamilton, J. A. (1988) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.19.3.271 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
On a premenstrual psychiatric diagnosis: What's in a name?
Gallant, S. J. A., & Hamilton, J. A. (1988) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037//0735-7028.19.3.271 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kemp, K. V. (1982) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198212000-00010 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Caplan, P. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.178 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reich, J. H. (1987) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198701000-00009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Masochistic Personality Disorder
Fuller, A. K., & Blashfield, R. K. (1989) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198903000-00007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sex bias in the diagnosis of primary orgasmic dysfunction.
Wakefield, J. C. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.5.464 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-Defeating Personality Disorder: An Empirical Study
Kass, F. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.168 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The influence of values in psychoanalysis: The case of female psychology
Person, E. S. (1983) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351698309533518 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychiatric Diagnosis and the Oppression of Women
Russell, D. (1985) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076408503100408 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-Defeating and Sadistic Personality Disorders: Needed Additions to the Diagnostic Nomenclature
Simons, R. C. (1987) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1987.1.2.161 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Historical and developmental roots of female dependency.
Westkott, M. (1986) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085600 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women: A Rejoinder to Johnson
Gove, W. R. (1980) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01111.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Histrionic Personality and Antisocial Personality: Caricatures of stereotypes?
Slavney, P. R. (1984) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(84)90001-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clinical Judgements of Self-Dramatisation
Slavney, P. R., & Chase, G. A. (1985) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.146.6.614 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Controversies Concerning the Self-Defeating Personality Disorder
Widiger, T. A., & FRANCES, A. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0783-9_12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Roles, Psychological Assessment, and Patient Management
Zeldow, P. B. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6_15 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comparison of Self-Rated and Observer-Rated Scales in DSM-III Borderline Personality Disorder
Snyder, S., & Pitts, W. M. (1986) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674378603100803 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yarnold, P. R., & Lyons, J. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5104_11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kaplan's view of DSM-III: The data revisited.
Widiger, T. A., & Nietzel, M. T. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.39.11.1319 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKaplan's view of DSM-III: The data revisited.
Widiger, T. A., & Nietzel, M. T. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.11.1319 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis
Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Studying the clinician: judgment research and psychological assessment
Garb, H. N. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-3045 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation.
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.4.576 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Hartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.260 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder
Widiger, T. A., & Weissman, M. M. (1991) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.42.10.1015 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationTimmons, A. C., Duong, J. B., Simo Fiallo, N., Lee, T., Vo, H. P. Q., Ahle, M. W., Comer, J. S., Brewer, L. C., Frazier, S. L., & Chaspari, T. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221134490 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment.
Garb, H. N. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00104.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder features in nonclinical young adults: 2. Two-year outcome.
Trull, T. J., Useda, D., Conforti, K., & Doan, B.-T. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.307 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Cycle of Classification: DSM-I Through DSM-5
Blashfield, R. K., Keeley, J. W., Flanagan, E. H., & Miles, S. R. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153639 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure: The Five‐Factor Model
Widiger, T. A., & Costa, P. T. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00776.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationThe maintenance of treatment effects in the long-term management of obesity.
Perri, M. G. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00172.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Meta-Analysis of Clinical Judgment Project
Spengler, P. M., White, M. J., Ægisdóttir, S., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., Nichols, C. N., Lampropoulos, G. K., Walker, B. S., Cohen, G. R., et al. (2007) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006295149 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Decision making biases in the allied health professions: A systematic scoping review
Featherston, R., Downie, L. E., Vogel, A. P., & Galvin, K. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240716 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dolan, M., & Völlm, B. (2009) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.11.002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Psychopathological correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal children
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Wessel, I., & van de Ven, M. O. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00155-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RESEARCH
Sher, K. J., & Trull, T. J. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.371 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Progress in the technology of measurement: Applications of item response models.
Santor, D. A., & Ramsay, J. O. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.4.345 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gender differences in personality traits and disorders
Paris, J. (2004) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0042-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality disorders
Farmer, R. F. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00014-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sex differences among the personality disorders: An exploration of the data.
Corbitt, E. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00041.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationWomen and depression: An update on the report of the APA task force
Sprock, J., & Yoder, C. Y. (1997) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf02766649 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Agoraphobia and gender: A review
Bekker, M. H. J. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00012-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evaluating the continuity of symptomatology between depressed and nondepressed individuals.
Santor, D. A., & Coyne, J. C. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.216 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Garb, H. N. (2000) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.12.1.31 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Maladaptive Personality Functioning Within the Big Five and the Five-Factor Model
Coker, L. A., Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.5.385.22125 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological factors affecting a medical condition
Ketterer, M. W., Mahr, G., & Goldberg, A. D. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00099-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crosby, J. P., & Sprock, J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10235 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bekker, M. H. J. (2003) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/1354850031000087618 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gender Role and Personality Disorders
Klonsky, E. D., Jane, J. S., Turkheimer, E. N., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.5.464.22121 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Seymour, M., Hoerr, S. L., & Huang, Y.-L. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(97)70142-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The role of boldness in psychopathy: A study of academic and clinical perceptions.
Berg, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Sellbom, M. (2017) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000247 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Narcissistic traits scale: validity evidence and sex differences in narcissism
Watson, P. J., & Biderman, M. D. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90076-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Notes Towards a Professional Ethics for Psychiatry
Radden, J. H. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00989.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Q methodological study of rebelliousness
Stenner, P. H. D., & Marshall, H. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250603 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lindsay, K. A., & Widiger, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6501_1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationMarlowe, D. B., Husband, S. D., Lamb, R. J., Kirby, K. C., Iguchi, M. Y., & Platt, J. J. (1995) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.1995.tb00261.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An investigation of differential item functioning across gender of BPD criteria.
Sharp, C., Michonski, J. D., Steinberg, L., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., & Oldham, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035637 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bornstein, R. F., Geiselman, K. J., Gallagher, H. A., Ng, H., Hughes, E. E., & Languirand, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_15 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Judgment research: Implications for clinical practice and testimony in court
Garb, H. N. (1994) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80069-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Perry, B. L., Neltner, M., & Allen, T. S. (2013) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-013-9100-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Personality Disorders at the Crossroads
Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.6.487.22144 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gender Bias in the Personality Disorders Criteria: An Investigation of Five Bias Indicators
Morey, L. C., Warner, M. B., & Boggs, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1014005308914 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Widiger, T. A. (1998) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8580-4_14 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, K. G., Sankis, L. M., & Widiger, T. A. (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200110000-00002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationEgan, S. J., Nathan, P. R., & Lumley, M. N. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01226.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sex differences in dependent personality disorder prevalence rates.
Bornstein, R. F. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00054.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sprock, J., Crosby, J. P., & Nielsen, B. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.1.41.18648 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Autonomy-connectedness mediates sex differences in symptoms of psychopathology
Bekker, M. H. J., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181626 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Are personality disorder criteria ethnically biased? A card-sort analysis.
Iwamasa, G. Y., Larrabee, A. L., & Merritt, R. D. (2000) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.6.3.284 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Boggs, C. D., Morey, L. C., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Zanarini, M. C., & Gunderson, J. G. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.492 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cook, E. P., Warnke, M. A., & Dupuy, P. J. (1993) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1993.tb00258.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Benson, K. T., Donnellan, M. B., & Morey, L. C. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000166 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive Heuristics and Biases in Personality Assessment
Garb, H. N. (1994) · Social psychological applications to social issues · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9238-6_5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Science and Society: The Vision of USERN
Dorigo, T., Brown, G. D., Casonato, C., Cerdà, A., Ciarrochi, J., Lio, M. D., D’Souza, N., Gauger, N. R., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., et al. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3529357 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care
Power, K., Sharp, D. M., Swanson, V., & Simpson, R. (2000) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(200002)7:1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Bornstein, R. F. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47377-1_18 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBruce, M., & Weinraub, D. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2023.2178928 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: A different approach
Funtowicz, M. N., & Widiger, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Versus Mechanical Prediction
Spengler, P. M. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop210002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Verschuère, B., & Tibboel, H. (2011) · Psychologie & gezondheid · doi:10.1007/s12483-011-0046-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Increasing clinical utility by aligning the DSM and ICD with clinicians' conceptualizations.
Flanagan, E. H., & Blashfield, R. K. (2010) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0021603 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cwik, J. C., Papen, F., Lemke, J.-E., & Margraf, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01813 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gender-Typed Behavioral Examples of Histrionic Personality Disorder
Sprock, J. (2000) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1007514522708 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Validity of self-defeating personality disorder
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Gallaher, P. E., & BEZIRGANIAN, S. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.4.560 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Una Perspectiva Evolutiva de las Diferencias de Género en la Presenciade Trastornos Depresivos
Solar, F. C. (2005) · Terapia psicológica · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychopathy-, Temperaments- und Charakterdimensionen bei inhaftierten Mädchen
Sevecke, K., Lehmkuhl, G., & Krischer, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917.a000016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perceived Dysfunction of Male-Typed and Female-Typed DSM-IV Personality Disorder Criteria
Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.6.536.22142 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Qu’est-ce que la psychologie évolutive ?
Elimari, N., & Lafargue, G. (2022) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.231.0173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gender Issues in Psychological Testing of Personality and Abilities
Baker, N. L., & Mason, J. L. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1467-5_4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Assessment and DSM‐IV Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: A Primer for Counselors
Fong, M. L. (1995) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01808.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gender differences in a prototypical analysis of psychopathy.
Hazelwood, L. L. (2006) · doi:10.12794/metadc5371 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Recent Developments in the Clinical Assessment of Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Axelrod, S. R. (1995) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.213 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationTrull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0806 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHowell, A. J., & Watson, D. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sprock, J., & Hunsucker, L. (1998) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(98)90037-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ardenghi, S., Luciani, M., Russo, S., Rampoldi, G., Bani, M., Ausili, D., Mauro, S. D., & Strepparava, M. G. (2024) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2024.151863 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Das Psychopathy-Konzept bei Mädchen
Sevecke, K., Franke, S., Lehmkuhl, G., & Krischer, M. (2012) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000082 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Boggs, C. D., Morey, L. C., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Zanarini, M. C., & Gunderson, J. G. (2009) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/1949-2715.s.1.61 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
What Every Forensic Psychologist Should Know about Psychopathic Personality
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012524196-0/50019-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bias in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 and Psychopathology
Masuda, A., Qinaʻau, J., Juberg, M. K., & Martin, T. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35517-3_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Lewis, K. C., & Mastico, E. R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_590-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Existence, Causes and Solutions of Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders
Dyer, T. (2016) · Western Undergraduate Psychology Journal · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Women and Girls with Psychopathic Characteristics
Nicholls, T. L., Goossens, I., Odgers, C. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparative Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder
Tutek, D. A., & Linehan, M. M. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2914-9_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Harris, C. E., Allbaugh, L. J., & Kaslow, N. J. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00364-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Few sex differences in dark side personality scale domains and facets
Furnham, A. F., & Grover, S. (2022) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100070 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality, Individual Differences and LGB Psychology
Hagger‐Johnson, G. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470713099.ch5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Conley, C. M., & Brown, S. L. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The influence of professional exhaustion on work and personal life
Temerbec, S., Vasile, M.-G., & Călin, M. F. (2023) · The Black Sea Journal of Psychology · doi:10.47577/bspsychology.bsjop.v14i4.292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Diagnosis of Neurological Disorders in Older Adults
Garb, H. N., & Boyle, P. A. (2003) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191103010002003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hunter, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91752-8_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Work‐life balance and burnout in financial planning profession
Sunder, A., Lehman, J., & Henderson, R. (2022) · Financial Planning Review · doi:10.1002/cfp2.1145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trull, T. J., Carpenter, R. W., & Widiger, T. A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop208004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationConley, C. M. (2020) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-13884 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Lewis, K. C., & Mastico, E. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_590 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An exploratory study of women's feminine-instinctual archetypal development as manifested in dreams
Cameron, D. (2001) · University of the Sunshine Coast · doi:10.25907/00575
Race Bias in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Fernandez, R. (2013) · Sycamore Scholars (Indiana State University)
(2008) · The Internet Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5580/116e
McLaughlin, J. E. (1998) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
- Authors
- Widiger, T. A., & Spitzer, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Widiger, Thomas A.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073789191
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- sex bias, personality disorders, DSM-III-R, diagnostic bias, sampling bias, evaluation bias, sex differences in diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review