Cited by 115Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nonclinical panickers: A critical review

Norton, G.Ron, Cox, Brian J., Malan, Jeff·1992·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90110-t

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90110-t

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Anxiety, sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9 · Cited by 3,169
Lifetime Prevalence of Specific Psychiatric Disorders in Three Sites
Robins, L. N. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005 · Cited by 2,550
A cognitive approach to panic
Clark, D. M. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2 · Cited by 2,422
Six-Month Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Three Communities
Myers, J. K. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210041006 · Cited by 1,573
Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.6.1090 · Cited by 1,247
Anxiety and It's Disorders
Prakash, R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0318d · Cited by 1,031

Show all 66 references

Sorted by citations

A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder.
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.4 · Cited by 1,017
The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples.
Flett, G. L., Vredenburg, K., & Krames, L. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.395 · Cited by 374
Nonclinical populations in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review
Gibbs, N. A. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00043-8 · Cited by 245
The validity of the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
Collins, K., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.003 · Cited by 240
Anxiety sensitivity: Theoretical perspectives and recent findings
Taylor, S. J. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00063-p · Cited by 227
Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder.
Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M., & Dugas, M. J. (1998) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00002-4 · Cited by 165
Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity
Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., & Leybman, M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.017 · Cited by 166
Anxiety sensitivity: An examination of theoretical and methodological issues
Lilienfeld, S. O., Turner, S. M., & Jacob, R. G. (1993) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(93)90019-x · Cited by 174
Stages of change in anxiety: psychometric properties of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) scale
Dozois, D. J. A., Westra, H. A., Collins, K. A., Fung, T. S., & Garry, J. K. F. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00193-1 · Cited by 163
Definitions of panic attacks and panic disorder in the DSM-IV: Implications for research.
Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Craske, M. G. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.3.553 · Cited by 152
Panic Disorder and Smoking
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Stewart, S. H. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.10.1.29 · Cited by 146
Phobic disorders and panic in adults: A guide to assessment and treatment.
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10348-000 · Cited by 143
Relations among hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences associated with sleep paralysis
Cheyne, J. A., Newby‐Clark, I. R., & Rueffer, S. D. (1999) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00165.x · Cited by 123
“Norton et al. (1992) discuss a similar issue with regard to assessing panic attacks, given above and indicated the approximate frequency (never, arguing that the provision of a vignette substantially reduced once, two to five times, more than five times).”
Background
Smoking and panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia: A review of the empirical literature
Zvolensky, M. J., Feldner, M. T., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., & McLeish, A. C. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.001 · Cited by 121
Causal modeling of relations among learning history, anxiety sensitivity, and panic attacks.
Stewart, S., Taylor, S., Jang, K., Cox, B., Watt, M., Fedoroff, I., & Borger, S. C. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00023-1 · Cited by 116
Self-citation
The role of extinction and reinstatement in attentional bias to threat: A conditioning approach
Damme, S. V., Crombez, G., Hermans, D., Koster, E. H. W., & Eccleston, C. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.008 · Cited by 111
Risk-factor research and prevention programs for anxiety disorders: A translational research framework
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Bernstein, A., & Keough, M. E. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.001 · Cited by 103
Cross cultural evaluation of smokers risk for panic and anxiety pathology: a test in a Russian epidemiological sample
Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Antipova, A. V., & Schmidt, N. B. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00031-7 · Cited by 91
Panic in Children and Adolescents: a Review
Ollendick, T. H., Mattis, S. G., & King, N. J. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01134.x · Cited by 90
Emotional responding to biological challenge as a function of panic disorder and smoking
Zvolensky, M. J., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Stuart, G. L. (2003) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.07.004 · Cited by 82
Illness Attitudes Scale dimensions and their associations with anxiety-related constructs in a nonclinical sample
Stewart, S. H., & Watt, M. C. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00207-1 · Cited by 81
The hierarchic structure of fears
Taylor, S. J. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00012-6 · Cited by 78
Heartbeat awareness and heart rate reactivity in anxiety sensitivity: a further investigation.
Stewart, S. H., Buffett-Jerrott, S. E., & Kokaram, R. (2001) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00080-9 · Cited by 84
Prospective evaluation of panic potentiation following 35% CO2 challenge in nonclinical subjects
Harrington, P. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Telch, M. J. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.6.823 · Cited by 72
Integrating an interoceptive exposure-based smoking cessation program into the cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: Theoretical relevance and case demonstration
Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(03)80052-4 · Cited by 70
Evoking analogue subtypes of panic attacks in a nonclinical population using carbon dioxide-enriched air
Forsyth, J. P., Eifert, G. H., & Canna, M. A. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00074-1 · Cited by 69
People who seek help for fear of flying: Typology of flying phobics
Gerwen, L. J. V., Spinhoven, P., Diekstra, R. F. W., & van Dyck, R. (1997) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80045-7 · Cited by 67
The relation of anxiety sensitivity to higher and lower order personality dimensions: Implications for the etiology of panic attacks.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.4.539 · Cited by 63
Somatic Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder from the DSM-IV
Joormann, J., & Stöber, J. (1999) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00017-1 · Cited by 59
Relations between anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms in nonreferred children and adolescents
Calamari, J. E., Hale, L. R., Heffelfinger, S. K., Janeck, A. S., Lau, J. J., Weerts, M. A., Taglione, P., & Schisler, R. L. (2001) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(01)00026-x · Cited by 59
Interoceptive fear conditioning as a learning model of panic disorder: an experimental evaluation using 20% CO(2)-enriched air in a non-clinical sample.
Acheson, D., Forsyth, J. P., Prenoveau, J., & Bouton, M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.008 · Cited by 54
Anxiety sensitivity and cognitive biases for threat
McNally, R. J., Hornig, C. D., Hoffman, E. C., & Han, E. M. (1999) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80045-8 · Cited by 59
Relationships of Distinct Affective Dimensions to Performance on an Emotional Stroop Task
Koven, N. S., Heller, W., Banich, M. T., & Miller, G. A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026303828675 · Cited by 52
“We followed the method of McNally, Hornig, Hoffman, and Han (1999) and Norton, Cox, and Malan (1992) of categorizing individuals based on a history of spontaneous panic.”
Panic attacks, depression and anxiety symptoms, and substance use behaviors during late adolescence
Valentiner, D. P., Mounts, N. S., & Deacon, B. J. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.04.001 · Cited by 49
Dimensions of Anxiety Sensitivity and Their Relationship to Nonclinical Panic
Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1011087322899 · Cited by 48
“The prevalence of NCP in this sample (11.5%) closely resembles the prevalence rates typically observed in structured interview assessments of NCP and is substantially lower than the prevalence rates that are usually obtained in studies using questionnaire assessment ( Norton et al., 1992 ).”
ResultInfluential
A Bibliotherapy Approach to Relapse Prevention in Individuals with Panic Attacks
Wright, J. H., Clum, G. A., Abpp, Roodman, A. A., & Febbraro, G. A. R. (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00035-9 · Cited by 44
Clinical versus nonclinical panic: A test of suffocation false alarm theory
McNally, R. J., Hornig, C. D., & Donnell, C. D. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00037-k · Cited by 43
Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Meulenbeek, P., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072504 · Cited by 41
Anxiety sensitivity and perceived control over anxiety-related events: Evaluating the singular and interactive effects in the prediction of anxious and fearful responding to bodily sensations
Gregor, K. L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.003 · Cited by 47
“Many people experience panic attacks without necessarily developing panic disorder (i.e., nonclinical panic attacks; Norton et al., 1992).”
Background
When the threat comes from inside the body: A neuroscience based learning perspective of the etiology of panic disorder
Hamm, A. O., Richter, J., & Pané‐Farré, C. A. (2014) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-139011 · Cited by 39
Parental problem drinking and anxiety disorder symptoms in adult offspring
MacPherson, P. S. R., Stewart, S. H., & McWilliams, L. A. (2001) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00243-x · Cited by 37
Prevention of anxiety disorders: A model for intervention
Craske, M. G., & Zucker, B. G. (2001) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(01)80012-3 · Cited by 37
Prediction of panic attacks and related variables
Norton, G. R., Pidlubny, S. R., & Norton, P. J. (1999) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80011-2 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Candidate genes for panic disorder: insight from human and mouse genetic studies
Gratacòs, M., Sahún, I., Gallego, X., Amador‐Arjona, A., Estivill, X., & Dierssen, M. (2007) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00318.x · Cited by 33
“Anxiety sensitivity scores (ASI) distinguish between individuals with and without a lifetime history of panic attacks (for review, see Norton et al. 1992; Taylor 1999), and between individuals experiencing panic attacks and those with panic disorder (Cox et al. 1991).”
Background
Self-rated importance of religion predicts one-year outcome of patients with panic disorder
Bowen, R., Baetz, M., & D’Arcy, C. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20157 · Cited by 33
“Nonclinical panic attacks are even more common, as much as 14% of the population or higher, depending on the method of ascertainment [Norton et al., 1992].”
Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Predict the Onset of Clinical Panic Attacks over Adolescence: The TRAILS Study
Mathyssek, C. M., Olino, T. M., Verhulst, F. C., & van Oort, F. V. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051564 · Cited by 33
“They are considered to be amongst the most debilitating psychiatric conditions [2] and are associated with high level of mental health treatment seeking [3].”
Background
Main and interactive effects of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance in relation to PTSD symptom severity
Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.001 · Cited by 31
Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of panic disorder symptoms: a prospective 3-year study
Jurin, T., & Biglbauer, S. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1453745 · Cited by 30
Nonclinical Panic Attacks in Adolescents: Prevalence, Symptomatology, and Associated Features
King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., Mattis, S. G., Yang, B., & Tonge, B. J. (1996) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900004940 · Cited by 29
“Next, based on extant empirical findings and theory, we included measures of anxiety, depression, and fear (Barlow, 1988; King et al., 1993; Macaulay & Kleinknecht, 1989; Norton et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and the Longitudinal Course of Panic Disorder
Otto, M. W., & Whittal, M. L. (1995) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30024-8 · Cited by 29
Ataques de nervios: culturally bound and distinct from panic attacks?
Keough, M. E., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20498 · Cited by 27
Nonclinical panic attacks in late adolescence prevalence and associated psychopathology
Mattis, S. G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00085-8 · Cited by 27
Anxiety sensitivity and its relationship to spontaneous and cued panic attacks in college students
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Norton, G. R. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90072-3 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Measures for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Antony, M. (2002) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47628-2_10 · Cited by 26
“For example, the PAQ and PAQ-R have been used extensively to identify individuals in nonclinical samples who experience panic attacks ( Norton, Cox; & Malan, 1992; Norton, Pidlubny, & Norton, 1999) and to study the features of panic attacks in clinical samples (e.g., Cox, Endler, & Swinson, 1995; Cox, Swinson, Endler,…”
Method
A test of the relations between avoidance of panic-related situations and substance use, substance dependence, and depression among subclinical panickers
Bunaciu, L., Feldner, M. T., Blumenthal, H., Babson, K. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.001 · Cited by 25
Substance Use and Non-Clinical Panic Attacks in a Young Adult Sample
Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2000) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(99)00017-6 · Cited by 25
“Similarly, panic disorder often begins in young adulthood, but many adolescents report having experienced a panic attack (Norton et al., 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations between age of onset and lifetime history of panic attacks and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in a representative sample
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Schmidt, N. B., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.002 · Cited by 24
“For example, panic attacks do not always lead to more severe forms of psychopathology, indicating that they should not be equated with psychiatric disorders [18-20].”
Background
Does stress perception mediate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depression symptoms?
Isyanov, E. V., & Calamari, J. E. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/0003379042000221421 · Cited by 24
Anxiety sensitivity: stability in prospective research
Maltby, N., Mayers, M., Allen, G. J., & Tolin, D. F. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.08.003 · Cited by 24
Panic attacks in minority Americans: The effects of alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, and discrimination
Hearld, K. R., Henna Budhwani, P., & Chavez‐Yenter, D. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.041 · Cited by 22
Consistencies between recalled panic and lactate‐induced panic
Goetz, R. R., Klein, D. F., & Gorman, J. M. (1994) · Anxiety · doi:10.1002/anxi.3070010108 · Cited by 22
Early intervention in panic: randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis
Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Willemse, G., Smit, F., van Balkom, A. V., Spinhoven, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2008) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-9-67 · Cited by 24
“A substantial proportion of the population suffers from subthreshold PD [8-10].”
The phenomenology of the first panic attack in clinical and community-based samples
Pané‐Farré, C. A., Stender, J. P., Fenske, K., Deckert, J., Reif, A., John, U., Schmidt, C. O., Schulz, A., Lang�, T., Alpers, G. W., et al. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.009 · Cited by 21
“These data support earlier findings from Roy-Byrne et al. (1999) who found that panic disorder patients do not improve from primary care setting and that primary care physicians have to be supported by delivering evidence based short-term treatments (Roy-Byrne, Wagner, & Schraufnagel, 2005).”
Result
Panic attacks and physical health problems in a representative sample: Singular and interactive associations with psychological problems, and interpersonal and physical disability
Marshall, E. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Schmidt, N. B., & Bernstein, A. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.016 · Cited by 20
Uncued and cued emotions and associated distress in a college sample
Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., Meadows, E. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1995) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(94)00036-0 · Cited by 19
Nonclinical panicker personality: Profile and discriminative ability
Richman, H., & Nelson-Gray, R. (1994) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(94)90021-3 · Cited by 19
Familial aggregation of panic in nonclinical panickers
Brown, T. A. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90116-3 · Cited by 17
Physical symptoms associated with worry in a nonclinical population
Freeston, M. H., Dugas, M. J., Letarte, H., Rhéaume, J., Blais, F. C., & Ladouceur, R. (1996) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(96)00017-5 · Cited by 17
Sub-threshold panic attacks and agoraphobic avoidance increase comorbidity of mental disorders: Results from an adult general population sample
Pané‐Farré, C. A., Fenske, K., Stender, J. P., Meyer, C., John, U., Rumpf, H., Hapke, U., & Hamm, A. O. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.06.008 · Cited by 17
Wie erleben Achtjährige Panikanfälle?
Federer, M., Schneider, S., Margraf, J., & Herrle, J. (2000) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//0084-5345.29.3.195 · Cited by 15
Nonclinical panic and suicidality: Prevalence and psychopathology
Woodruff‐Borden, J., Stanley, M. A., Lister, S. C., & Tabacchi, M. R. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00092-7 · Cited by 15
Repeated exposure to 20% CO2 challenge and risk for developing panic attacks: A controlled 6- and 12-month follow-up in a nonclinical sample
Prenoveau, J. M., Forsyth, J. P., Kelly, M. M., & Barrios, V. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.004 · Cited by 14
The phenomenology of non-clinical panic in older adults in comparison to younger adults
Depp, C. A., Woodruff‐Borden, J., Meeks, S., Gretarsdottir, E., & DeKryger, N. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.007 · Cited by 11
Infrequent panic: physiological and subjective reactions to hyperventilation
Whittal, M. L., Goetsch, V. L., & Suchday, S. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90009-4 · Cited by 11
A Study of Panic Attacks in University Students of Iran
Nazemi, H., Kleinknecht, R. A., Dinnel, D. L., Lonner, W. J., Nazemi, S., Shamlo, S., & Sobhan, A. (2003) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1023577024280 · Cited by 11
“Although similar to previous findings ( Norton et al., 1986, 1992 ), it is important to recognize that these are second hand and retrospective reports and therefore especially vulnerable to inaccuracy of recall.”
BackgroundResult
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Bouman, T. K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1528-3_2 · Cited by 11
Hyperventilation and panic attacks in general hospital patients
Spinhoven, P., Onstein, E. J., Sterk, P. J., & Haen-Versteijnen, D. L. (1993) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(93)90117-7 · Cited by 10
Levels of “nonclinical panic”
Cox, B. J., Endler, N. S., & Norton, G. R. (1994) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90061-2 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Critical analysis of the DSM III-R classification of panic disorder: A survey of current opinions
Norton, G. R., Cox, B. J., & Schwartz, M. A. J. (1992) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90014-x · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Cuestionario de pánico y agorafobia (CPA) : características de los ataques de pánico no clínicos
Sandín, B., Chorot, P., Valiente, R. M., Sánchez-Arribas, C., & Germán, M. Á. S. (2004) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.9.num.2.2004.3974 · Cited by 7
“Algunos aspectos que parecen influir en las diferencias en las tasas obtenidas son la mayor o menor especificación de lo que es un AP en las instruc- ciones iniciales, y los requerimientos de 4 síntomas y/o el carácter inesperado de los AP (Norton et al, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
A comparative evaluation of panicogenic processes and quality of life in a sample of non-clinical panickers and age and sex matched non-panicking controls
Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., Karekla, M., & Forsyth, J. P. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.008 · Cited by 7
Anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms: the moderating influence of distress tolerance
Geyer, R. B., Magee, J. C., & Clerkin, E. M. (2022) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2022.2146102 · Cited by 6
“Panic attacks are experienced across a range of different anxiety disorders, including panic, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorders (Brown et al., 2016; Tull et al., 2009; Versella et al., 2016), and are also seen in nonclinical populations (Norton et al., 1992).”
Background
Enhancing panic and smoking reduction treatment with d -cycloserine: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Smits, J. A. J., Kauffman, B. Y., Lee-Furman, E., Zvolensky, M. J., Otto, M. W., Piper, M. E., Powers, M. B., & Rosenfield, D. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.011 · Cited by 4
“Panic attacks are common (7–10% of the general population regularly experience panic attacks; [32]) and co-occur with smoking at rates that exceed those found in the general non-psychiatric population [2,8,9,17,18,25,35].”
Background
The Indirect Effect of Anxiety Sensitivity in the Relationship Between Panic Symptoms and Panic Severity
Talkovsky, A. M., & Norton, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.123 · Cited by 3
“For instance, G. Norton, Cox, and Malan (1992) report that average of 16.2% of individuals (range: 6.2%–29.9”
BackgroundInfluential
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Teachman, B. A., Beltzer, M., & Werntz, A. J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.017 · Cited by 3
A 28-year-old woman with panic disorder.
Gorman, J. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.286.4.450 · Cited by 3
The Development of Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents
Mathyssek, C. M. (2014) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 3
Anxiety Disorders
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & van Oppen, P. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0345-0_14 · Cited by 3
Untroubled pullers: An examination of nonclinical hair-pulling
Flannery, M. K., Falkenstein, M. J., Boyd, M., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100821 · Cited by 2
Analisis Eskalasi Panic Attack And Anxiety Disorder Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Remaja
Kurniawan, D., Mu'arifah, N. E. I., & Ma’shum, A. R. (2022) · Busyro Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi Islam · doi:10.55352/kpi.v3i2.236 · Cited by 2
Tobacco Use and Panic Psychopathology: Current Status and Future Directions
Zvolensky, M. J., Leyro, T. M., Bernstein, A., Feldner, M. T., Yartz, A. R., Babson, K. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74753-8_1 · Cited by 1
“Thus, panic attacks are a relatively common psychological experience and many people experience panic attacks without necessarily developing panic disorder (i.e., nonclinical panic attacks; Norton, Cox, & Malan, 1992 ).”
Background
An Investigation of a Minimal-Contact Bibliotherapy Approach to Relapse Prevention for Individuals Treated for Panic Attacks
Wright, J. H. (1997) · Cited by 1
Anxiety Disorders
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & van Oppen, P. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8497-5_14 · Cited by 1
Anxiety Disorders
Valentiner, D. P., & Jones, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4362-4_8 · Cited by 1
Avoiding Treatment Failures in Panic Disorder
Latin, H. M., McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0612-0_7 · Cited by 1
Panic disorder
Welch, S. S., Craske, M., Stein, M. B., Harrison-Read, P., & Roy‐Byrne, P. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544392.034 · Cited by 1
The misinterpretation of body sensations in nonclinical panic attacks: A test of the cognitive theory
Moore, M. C. (2001) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 1
Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia
National Cancer Institute (2020) · Definitions · doi:10.32388/ckyzgx · Cited by 1
Treatment Acceptability of a Well-Established Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder in a Passamaqyoddy Community
Ranslow, E. (2004) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)
Panic Disorder, Trait Anxiety, and Risk Drinking in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
Meshberg‐Cohen, S. (2006) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/ytyp-h017

Authors: Norton, G. R., Cox, B. J., & Malan, J.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
The University of Winnipeg (CA)
ORCID: Cox, Brian J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1992-01
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 121-139
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90110-t
OpenAlex: W2164483219
Cited by: 115
References: 66
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 9.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords: panic attacks, prevalence, psychophysiological responses, depression, anxiety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Nonclinical panickers: A critical review

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks