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Item bias and item response theory

Mellenbergh, Gideon J.·1989·International Journal of Educational Research

DOI 10.1016/0883-0355(89)90002-5

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Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests
Psychology, M. (1961) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(61)80061-2 · Cited by 6,936
Applications of Item Response Theory To Practical Testing Problems
Lord, F. M. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203056615 · Cited by 5,009
Item Response Theory: Principles and Applications
Hambleton, R. K., & Swaminathan, H. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,779
BILOG 3 : item analysis and test scoring with binary logistic models
Mislevy, R. J., & Bock, R. D. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 541
Item response theory : application to psychological measurement
Hulin, C. L., Drasgow, F., & Parsons, C. K. (1983) · Dow Jones-Irwin eBooks · Cited by 361
Discrete Statistical Models With Social Science Applications.
Clogg, C. C., & Andersen, E. B. (1983) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288158 · Cited by 324
Beyond group-mean differences: The concept of item bias.
Thissen, D., Steinberg, L., & Gerrard, M. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.118 · Cited by 291
Contingency Table Models for Assessing Item Bias
Mellenbergh, G. J. (1982) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986007002105 · Cited by 231
Self-citation
Human Assessment and Cultural Factors
(1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2151-2 · Cited by 210
Applications of Item Response Theory
de Gruijter, D. N. M., & van der Kamp, L. J. T. (2007) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781584889595-13 · Cited by 204

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

Mellenbergh, 1985, Vraag-onzuiverheid: definitie, detectie en onderzoek, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 40, 425
Van der Flier, 1984, Een onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van de iteratieve item bias detectie methode bij groepen met een verschillend treknivo, Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearch, 9, 61

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“This check suggests that the association between our four indicators of WLB and the latent concept of WLB is invariant and does not differ by country or mode (see Table A2 in the Online Appendix for details) (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
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“In the present research, the authors use the omnibus test with the 2PL model (Birnbaum, 1968), designed to identify uniform DIF, non-uniform DIF (Camilli & Shepard, 1994, p. 59; Mellenbergh, 1989), or both.”
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“The factor mean is still fixed to zero in the first group and freely estimated in the other groups (Dolan 2000; Mellenbergh 1989; Meredith 1993; Millsap and Yun-Tein 2004).”
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Evaluating Measurement Equivalence Across Race and Ethnicity on the CAHPS Cultural Competence Survey
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Bias, Type I Error Rates, and Statistical Power of a Latent Mediation Model in the Presence of Violations of Invariance
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The equivalence of measures on the Connectedness to Nature Scale: A comparison between ordinal methods of DIF detection
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Exploration of Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance by Gender for a Modified Shortened Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool in India
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The latent class multitrait-multimethod model.
Oberski, D. L., Hagenaars, J. A. P., & Saris, W. E. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0039783 · Cited by 15
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Method
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Background
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“DIF is formally defined as a violation of measurement invariance (Mellenbergh, 1989): f 1 X jT ¼ t;V ¼ vð Þ ¼ f 2 X jT ¼ tð Þ ð1Þ where X is a set of observed variables measuring the construct of interest T, and V is a set of variables other than T that potentially violate measurement invariance…”
Background
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Carter, N. T., Kotrba, L. M., Diab, D. L., Lin, B. C., Pui, S. Y., Lake, C. J., Gillespie, M. A., Zickar, M. J., & Chao, A. (2012) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9254-1 · Cited by 13
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Background
Descrição dos Principais Métodos para Detectar o Funcionamento Diferencial dos Itens (DIF)
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Background
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Background
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“Measurement invariance holds if all measurement parameters are equal across different groups, as implicated by the definition of Mellenbergh (1989).”
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Measurement bias detection through Bayesian factor analysis
Barendse, M. T., Albers, C. J., Oort, F. J., & Timmerman, M. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01087 · Cited by 12
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Lee, M., Aggen, S. H., Otowa, T., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Grabe, H. J., Hartman, C. A., Oldehinkel, A. J., Middeldorp, C. M., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1519 · Cited by 12
“This restriction on the measurement parameters implies that individuals who have the same score on the latent factor should have the same expected observed score on the disorder indicator variable in each sample (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
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“Measurement invariance (or, the absence of differential item functioning (DIF, Mellenbergh, 1989) refers to the prerequisite that the parameters from a latent variable model should not be moderated by a background variable, as this will hamper the comparison of subjects’ observed indicator scores…”
BackgroundMethod
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“In this study, we investigated whether the CAHPS-CC provides sufficiently equivalent measurement across individuals responding in English and Spanish.”
BackgroundInfluential
IRT-LR-DIF With Estimation of the Focal-Group Density as an Empirical Histogram
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“This test is omnibus because it does not distinguish between uniform and nonuniform DIF (Camilli & Shepard, 1994, p. 59; Mellenbergh, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
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“This operationalization in Difference 1 can be justified by the statistical theory about measurement invariance (Mellenbergh, 1989; Meredith, 1993), which dictates that a difference in measurement model parameters indicates a difference in the interpretation of the underlying latent variable.”
Background
Deep Neural Networks for Detecting Statistical Model Misspecifications. The Case of Measurement Invariance
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“Mellenbergh (1989) pointed out that measurement invariance could be expressed as the assumption of conditional independence: f Ujθ;G ¼ gð Þ ¼ f Ujθð Þ (1) Measurement invariance holds when the probability of given response U using response function f given the latent trait θ is conditionally…”
Background
The structural validity and measurement invariance across gender of the Brief Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument
Steyn, R., & de Bruin, G. P. (2018) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1965 · Cited by 11
“Measurement invariance relates to an observed score being reflective of an individual’s standing on a construct, independent of their group membership (Mellenbergh 1989; Meredith 1993; Meredith & Millsap 1992; Wu et al. 2007).”
Background
Relationships between teachers and disruptive children in kindergarten : an exploration of different methods and perspectives, and the possibility of change
Spilt, J. L. (2010) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 10
Cultural Context in Standardized TestsPreprint
Dobrescu, L. I., Holden, R., Motta, A., Piccoli, A., Roberts, P., & Walker, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3983663 · Cited by 11
Análisis de la calidad del dato de un instrumento de observación del clima motivacional: conductas verbales y proxémicas de monitores de mantenimiento físico.
Crespillo-Jurado, M., Anguera, M. T., Reigal, R. E., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2021) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.6018/cpd.423051 · Cited by 10
Measurement Invariance Investigation for Performance of Deep Learning Architectures
Chen, D., Lu, Y., & Hsu, C. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192468 · Cited by 11
Examining Differences of Invariance Alignment in the Mplus Software and the R Package Sirt
Robitzsch, A. (2024) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math12050770 · Cited by 10
Comparability of Survey Measurements
Oberski, D. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3876-2_27 · Cited by 10
“Other possibilities are latent class analysis (Kankaraš, Moors, & Vermunt, 2010), and IRT modeling with its theory of differential item functioning (Mellenbergh, 1989; Millsap & Yun‐Tein, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
The university entrance examinations in Turkey
Berberoğlu, G. (1996) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/0191-491x(96)00020-x · Cited by 10
The absence of underprediction does not imply the absence of measurement bias.
Wicherts, J. M., & Millsap, R. E. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0014992 · Cited by 10
“A test is considered free of measurement bias, or measurement invariant, if the two persons above have the same probability of attaining any score on the test (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
DIF Detection Using Multiple‐Group Categorical CFA With Minimum Free Baseline Approach
Chang, Y., Huang, W., & Tsai, R. (2015) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/jedm.12073 · Cited by 10
Estudio del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems en una Escala de Habilidades Sociales para Adolescentes
Montesinos, M. D. H., Garre, F. G., Saura, C. J. I., Menéndez, G. C., & Soria, B. O. (1999) · Anales de Psicología · Cited by 10
Aggressiveness as a latent personality trait of domestic dogs: Testing local independence and measurement invariance
Goold, C. M., & Newberry, R. C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183595 · Cited by 11
“38 phenomenon is not under measurement across groups [23,24].”
Background
Measurement invariance of the satisfaction with life scale across gender and time
Arıkan, Ç. A., & Zorbaz, S. D. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.774452 · Cited by 10
“MI represents whether a scale measures the same structure without regarding to the group or measurement time (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
Background
Measurement and description of underlying dimensions of comorbid mental disorders using Factor Mixture Models: results of the ESEMeD project
Almansa, J., Vermunt, J. K., Forero, C. G., Vilagut, G., De Graaf, R., De Girolamo, G., & Alonso, J. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.334 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal Measurement (Non)Invariance in Latent Constructs
Leitgöb, H., Seddig, D., Schmidt, P., Sosu, E., & Davidov, E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198859987.003.0010 · Cited by 13
Assessing decision-making style in French-speaking populations: Translation and validation of the general decision-making style questionnaire
Girard, A. J., Reeve, C. L. L., & Bonaccio, S. (2016) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2016.08.001 · Cited by 9
Measurement Equivalence and Convergent Validity of a Mental Health Rating Scale
Smid, S. C., Hox, J. J., Heiervang, E. R., Stormark, K. M., Hysing, M., & Bøe, T. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118803159 · Cited by 9
“Mellenbergh (1989) defines this as implying that the relationship between the observed score and the unobserved latent score of a subject does not depend on group membership.”
Background
The Italian Version of the State-Trait Cheerfulness Inventory Trait Form: Psychometric Validation and Evaluation of Measurement Invariance
Lau, C., Chiesi, F., Hofmann, J., Ruch, W., & Saklofske, D. H. (2019) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919875639 · Cited by 9
“As such, measurement invariance analyses provide evidence that differences in test scores reflect true latent variable differences 616 Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 38(5)4 00 0 than group differences based on measurement bias (Mellenbergh, 1989; Meredith, 1993).”
Background
Formulation of Hofstede’s Global Cultural Dimension Index (HGCDI): A cross-country study
Roy, D. (2020) · Journal of Transnational Management · doi:10.1080/15475778.2020.1765715 · Cited by 9
Gender differences in the relationship between innovation and its antecedents
Steyn, R., & de Bruin, G. P. (2020) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v51i1.1675 · Cited by 12
“Measurement invariance (MI) reflects the extent to which an observed score on a measurement is reflective of an individual’s standing on a construct, independent of their group membership (Mellenbergh, 1989; Meredith, 1993; Meredith & Millsap, 1992; Wu, Li, & Zumbo, 2007).”
Background
Psychology’s atomic bomb
Borsboom, D., & Wijsen, L. D. (2017) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2017.1333084 · Cited by 13
“In psychometrics, this notion became mathematically entrenched as the requirement of measurement invariance: the idea that a test should function in the same way across gender or across different demographical groups (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
Background
Impact of digital financial literacy on financial well-being: moderating role of gender and religiosity
Lone, U. M., Bhat, S. A., Irfan, P. S. U., & Darzi, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Financial Services Marketing · doi:10.1057/s41264-025-00309-8 · Cited by 18
“According to Mellenbergh (1989), measurement invariance requires that the relationship between observed items and their corresponding latent constructs remains unaffected by group membership.”
Invariance of Woodcock-Johnson III scores for students with learning disorders and students without learning disorders.
Benson, N. F., & Taub, G. E. (2013) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000028 · Cited by 8
Interpreting the results of studies using latent variable models to assess data quality: an empirical example using confirmatory factor analysis
Carle, A. C. (2009) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-009-9220-4 · Cited by 8
Is Difference in Measurement Outcome between Groups Differential Responding, Bias or Disparity? A Methodology for Detecting Bias and Impact from an Attributional Stance
Wu, A. D., Liu, Y., Stone, J. E., Zou, D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2017.00039 · Cited by 10
“A few studies have proposed methods for distinguishing impact from bias through a form of measurement invariance (e.g., Thissen et al., 1986; Kok, 1988; Mellenbergh, 1989; Ackerman, 1992; Shealy and Stout, 1993; Beller, 2014).”
Method
Ramsay-Curve Differential Item Functioning
Woods, C. M. (2011) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0146621611417123 · Cited by 8
“For each studied item, an analysis begins with a general test that is designed to identify both uniform and nonuniform DIF (Camilli & Shepard, 1994; Mellenbergh, 1989).”
Method
Investigation of Measurement Invariance of Science Motivation and Self-Efficacy Model: PISA 2015 Turkey Sample
Güngör, M., & Kabasakal, K. A. (2020) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.730481 · Cited by 8
The formalization of fairness: issues in testing for measurement invariance using subtest scores
Molenaar, D., & Borsboom, D. (2013) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2013.767628 · Cited by 9
“…be preferred over predictive invariance to test for item or test bias because (a) predictive invariance implies a violation of bias as defined by Mellenbergh (1989), which is unacceptable, whereas measurement invariance does not violate this definition; (b) tests on predictive invariance are…”
Background
Cognitive Ability-Demand Gap Analysis With Latent Response Models
Hossain, G., & Yeasin, M. (2014) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2014.2339328 · Cited by 8
“RESEARCH METHOD Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) is defined as the (nonlinear) regression line that represents the probability of endorsing an item (or an item response category) as a function of the underlying trait [29]–[41].”
Background
Differential Age and Sex Effects in the Assessment of Major Depression: A Population-Based Twin Item Analysis of the DSM Criteria
Aggen, S. H., Kendler, K. S., Kubarych, T. S., & Neale, M. C. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.6.524 · Cited by 8
“A scale is said to be nonequivalent across subpopulations if persons with the same factor scores have different expected observed scale scores (Mellenbergh, 1989).”
Background

Authors: Mellenbergh, G. J.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Mellenbergh, Gideon J.
Venue: International Journal of Educational Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1989-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-143
ISSN: 0883-0355 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0883-0355(89)90002-5
OpenAlex: W2032579538
Cited by: 553
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 3.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational Technology and Assessment
Keywords: differential item functioning, item response theory, conditional dependence, item characteristic curves, latent trait distribution, test score distribution

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