The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora
Abstract
The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host. The indigenous microflora stimulates the host immune system to respond more quickly to pathogen challenge and, through bacterial antagonism, inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens. Indigenous GI bacteria are also opportunistic pathogens and can translocate across the mucosal barrier to cause systemic infection in debilitated hosts.
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In the citing paper
“Saliva contains 109 bacteria per milliliter, with the bacteria present in saliva being shed from the tongue, cheeks, and dental and gingival plaque.197”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [197]
Citations
Cites
Human Fecal Flora: The Normal Flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians
Moore, W. E. C., & Holdeman, L. V. (1974) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/am.27.5.961-979.1974 · Cited by 1,144
Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice
van der Waaij, D., Vries, J. M. B.-D., & der Wees, J. E. C. L.-V. (1971) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400021653 · Cited by 907
Berg, R. D., & Garlington, A. W. (1979) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.23.2.403-411.1979 · Cited by 845
Self-citationPrevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: A prospective study
Surawicz, C. M., Elmer, G. W., Speelman, P., McFarland, L. V., Chinn, J., & van Belle, G. (1989) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(89)91613-2 · Cited by 570
Human intestinal microflora in health and disease
(1985) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(85)90079-1 · Cited by 429
(1976) · Food and Cosmetics Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80265-9 · Cited by 392
Endotoxemia and Bacteremia During Hemorrhagic Shock The Link Between Trauma and Sepsis?
Rush, B. F., Sori, A., Murphy, T. F., Smith, S. M. R., Flanagan, J. J., & Machiedo, G. W. (1988) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-198805000-00009 · Cited by 383
INDIGENOUS, NORMAL, AND AUTOCHTHONOUS FLORA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Dubos, R. J., Schaedler, R. W., Costello, R. L., & Hoet, P. P. (1965) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.122.1.67 · Cited by 319
Survival and Implantation of Escherichia coli in the Intestinal Tract
Freter, R., Brickner, H., Fekete, J., Vickerman, M. M., & Carey, K. E. (1983) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.39.2.686-703.1983 · Cited by 318
Simple Intestinal Obstruction Causes Bacterial Translocation in Man
Deitch, E. A. (1989) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410060065013 · Cited by 279
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 · Cited by 5,425
“The vast majority of commensal bacteria reside in the colon, with previous estimates of about 1014 bacteria (Savage, 1977), followed by the skin, which is estimated to harbor ~1012 bacteria (Berg, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251
“To test the effect of disrupted compart-in which the host benefits from the resident microflora mentalizationofcommensals,wechoseamodelofintesti-present in the gut (Berg, 1996; Midvedt, 1999).”
Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology
Baumgart, D. C., & Carding, S. R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60750-8 · Cited by 2,147
Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013 · Cited by 2,050
“Less than 1012 bacteria populate the rest of the body (Berg, 1996; Tannock, 1995).”
BackgroundSpellberg, B. J., Guidos, R., Gilbert, D. N., Bradley, J. S., Boucher, H. W., Scheld, W. M., Bartlett, J. G., Edwards, J. E., & the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/524891 · Cited by 1,689
Metadata
- Authors
- Berg, R.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berg, R
- Venue
- Trends in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 430-435
- ISSN
- 0966-842X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087484128
- Cited by
- 1,153
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal tract, host-pathogen interaction, bacterial antagonism, colonization resistance, opportunistic pathogens, mucosal barrier, systemic infection, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Digestive System, Ecology, Humans, Mouth, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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