Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel disorders. In this paper, we discuss how environmental factors (eg, geography, cigarette smoking, sanitation and hygiene), infectious microbes, ethnic origin, genetic susceptibility, and a dysregulated immune system can result in mucosal inflammation. After describing the symbiotic interaction of the commensal microbiota with the host, oral tolerance, epithelial barrier function, antigen recognition, and immunoregulation by the innate and adaptive immune system, we examine the initiating and perpetuating events of mucosal inflammation. We pay special attention to pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding-oligomerisation-domains (NOD), NOD-like receptors and their mutual interaction on epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells. We also discuss the important role of dendritic cells in directing tolerance and immunity by modulation of subpopulations of effector T cells, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, natural killer T cells, natural killer cells, and monocyte-macrophages in mucosal inflammation. Implications for novel therapies, which are discussed in detail in the second paper in this Series, are covered briefly.
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- Authors
- Baumgart, D. C., & Carding, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Baumgart, Daniel C
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 9573
- Pages
- 1627-1640
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W1979948289
- Cited by
- 2,147
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 9.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, mucosal inflammation, commensal microbiota, oral tolerance, epithelial barrier function, pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, NKT cells, natural killer cells, monocytes/macrophages, genetic susceptibility, environmental risk factors, cigarette smoking, antigen recognition, immune regulation
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Exposure, Humans, Immune System, Intestines, Karyotyping, Life Style, Risk Factors, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins
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