The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Linkage, Association, and Gene-Expression Analyses Identify CNTNAP2 as an Autism-Susceptibility Gene
Open accessAbstract
Autism is a genetically complex neurodevelopmental syndrome in which language deficits are a core feature. We describe results from two complimentary approaches used to identify risk variants on chromosome 7 that likely contribute to the etiology of autism. A two-stage association study tested 2758 SNPs across a 10 Mb 7q35 language-related autism QTL in AGRE (Autism Genetic Resource Exchange) trios and found significant association with Contactin Associated Protein-Like 2 (CNTNAP2), a strong a priori candidate. Male-only containing families were identified as primarily responsible for this association signal, consistent with the strong male affection bias in ASD and other language-based disorders. Gene-expression analyses in developing human brain further identified CNTNAP2 as enriched in circuits important for language development. Together, these results provide convergent evidence for involvement of CNTNAP2, a Neurexin family member, in autism, and demonstrate a connection between genetic risk for autism and specific brain structures.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while the fourth is a homologue of the autism susceptibility gene CNTNAP2 17 .”
From Transcriptomic Analysis of Autistic Brain Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathology (2011) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Two common polymorphisms in a relatively circumscribed area of CNTNAP2 have been shown to modulate language function in ASD and other conditions [59–61].”
From Genetics of autism spectrum disorders (2011) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Common variants in CNTNAP2 have also been associated with ASD (49–51) and specific-language impairment (52).”
From Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“To incorporate construct validity for the various genetic mutations identified in small numbers of people with autism (12–21), these mutations have been generated in mice (22, 23).”
From Negative allosteric modulation of the mGluR5 receptor reduces repetitive behaviors and rescues social deficits in mouse models of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps
Barrett, J. C., Fry, B., Maller, J., & Daly, M. J. (2004) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457 · Cited by 14,563
Smyth, G. K. (2004) · Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.2202/1544-6115.1027 · Cited by 11,829
Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data
Irizarry, R. A. (2003) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/4.2.249 · Cited by 10,603
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
A haplotype map of the human genome
The International HapMap Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04226 · Cited by 5,858
Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism
Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Malhotra, D., Troge, J., Lese-Martin, C., Walsh, T., Yamrom, B., Yoon, S., Krasnitz, A., Kendall, J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138659 · Cited by 2,795
Self-citationLarge-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome
Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Troge, J., Alexander, J., Young, J., Lundin, P., Månér, S., Massa, H., Walker, M., Chi, M., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098918 · Cited by 2,557
Self-citationLinkage disequilibrium in finite populations
Hill, W. G., & Robertson, A. (1968) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01245622 · Cited by 2,035
Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism
Study, P. A. R. I. S., Jamain, S., Quach, H., Betancur, C., Råstam, M., Colineaux, C., Gillberg, I. C., Soderstrom, H., Giros, B., Leboyer, M., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1136 · Cited by 1,851
Genetic data analysis II: methods for discrete population genetic data
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2150 · Cited by 1,626
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 814
The Evolution of Language and Speech
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Dediu, D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198813781.013.29 · Cited by 1
Bolivar, V. J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107360556.012 · Cited by 1
Perfilyeva, A. V., Беспалова, К., Абылкасымова, Г. М., Bekmanov, B., & Djansugurova, L. (2022) · International Journal of Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.26577/ijbch.2022.v15.i1.02 · Cited by 1
Imbalances of Inhibitory and Excitatory Systems in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carroll, R. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42383-3_11 · Cited by 1
AL-Safar, S. R. M., AL-Zubaidy, H. F. S., & Alwaidh, R. H. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences · doi:10.22317/jcms.v10i1.1511 · Cited by 1
Lennington, J. B., Coppola, G., & Fernandez, T. V. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17223-1_9 · Cited by 1
The Emergence of Modern Communication in Primates: A Computational Approach
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Mineiro, A., & Castro‐Caldas, A. (2014) · Interdisciplinary evolution research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02669-5_15 · Cited by 1
Marques, B., Ferreira, C. M. P., Brito, F., Pedro, S. N., Alves, C., Lourenço, T., Amorim, M. Z., & Correia, H. (2016) · Molecular Cytogenetics · doi:10.1186/s13039-016-0295-z · Cited by 1
Metabolic Association Between the Gut–Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Delgado, M., Fochesato, A., Juncos, L., & Gargiulo, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_33 · Cited by 1
Neuromolecular Approaches to the Study of Language
Vernes, S. C. (2019) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10841.003.0049 · Cited by 1
Resveratrol rescued the pain related hypersensitivity for Cntnap2-deficient mice
Zhang, Z., Yao, Z.-Y., Wu, K., Zhang, T., Xing, C., & Xing, X. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173704 · Cited by 1
Rebelo, M. Â., Gómez, C., Gomes, I., Poza, J., Martins, S., Maturana-Candelas, A., Ruiz-Gómez, S. J., Durães, L., Sousa, P., Figueruelo, M., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10110870 · Cited by 1
Kimball, E. E., & Sayce, L. (2020) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2020_persp-20-00111 · Cited by 1
Lengyel, A., Pinti, É., Nebral, K., Pikó, H., Újfalusi, A., Haas, O. A., Fekete, G., & Haltrich, I. (2021) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-021-01316-z · Cited by 1
Newbury, D. F., Simpson, N. H., Thompson, P. A., & Bishop, D. (2020) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14677.3 · Cited by 1
HARs: History, Functions, and Role in the Evolution and Pathogenesis of Human Diseases
Ryzhkova, A. S., Khabarova, A. A., Chvileva, A. S., & Шнайдер, Т. А. (2022) · Cell and Tissue Biology · doi:10.1134/s1990519x22060086 · Cited by 1
Taylor, L. J. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 1
Tomblin, J. B., & Mueller, K. L. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0006238.pub2 · Cited by 1
Susceptibility of Children to Environmental Xenobiotics
Woolf, A. D., & Sandel, M. T. (2009) · General, Applied and Systems Toxicology · doi:10.1002/9780470744307.gat104 · Cited by 1
Genetic studies of autism and autistic-like traits
Jönsson, L. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 1
Insights from Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Bishop, D. (2009) · Cited by 1
The Role of Vocal Learning in Language. Evolution and Development
Zhang, Q. (2017) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
El-Fishawy, P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1324 · Cited by 1
Betancur, C., & Mitchell, K. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118524947.ch9 · Cited by 1
Matsushima, A., Pineda, S. S., Crittenden, J. R., Lee, H., Galani, K., Mantero, J. C., Kellis, M., Heiman, M., & Graybiel, A. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489455 · Cited by 1
Ghamari, R., Tahmaseb, M., Alizadeh, F., Mohammadzadeh, A., Tavakolian, N., Sarabi‐Jamab, A., & Tehrani‐Doost, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3034106/v1 · Cited by 1
Xu, S., Neupane, S., Wang, H., Pham, T. P., Snyman, M., Huynh, T. V., & Wang, L. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577787 · Cited by 1
Knowland, V. C. P., & Donlan, C. (2013) · Educational Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/9781394259588.ch6 · Cited by 1
Autism and Alcoholism’s Genetic Overlap
Miles, J. H., & McCarthy, D. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_23 · Cited by 1
Genetic dissection of sex differences in human brain and behaviour
Tan, G. C.-Y. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF A NOVEL MOUSE MODEL OF TSC-ASSOCIATED AUTISM
Reith, R. M. (2012) · Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Genomics
John, J., & Hakonarso, H. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/54357
Autoimmune Disorder and Autism
Li, X., & Zou, H. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23020
Desvio de segregação em humanos
Magalhães, M. L. (2011) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2011.tde-02092011-111059
Genetic Aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Bedside
Dimova, I. I., & Tonchev, D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/29547
Intellectual Disability: Genetics
Knight, S. J. L. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005515.pub2
INTRODUCING A NOVEL METHOD FOR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
nouri, S. (2013) · Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)
The function of TCF4 in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and schizophrenia
Forrest, M. P. (2013) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Identificação de genes e vias associadas aos transtornos do espectro autista
Oliveira, K. G. (2011) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2011.tde-23092011-162004
CNTNAP2-Promotorvarianten als mögliche Risikofaktoren für Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen
Kopp, M. (2014) · Technischen Universität Darmstadt · doi:10.26083/tuprints-00003806
Alterazioni neuronali e sinaptiche in topi knock-out IB2 (-/-) con fenotipo simil-autistico
Prestori, F., Rocchetti, M., Boso, M., & D'Angelo, E. U. (2010) · Università degli Studi di Pavia · doi:10.6092/2039-1404.123.693
Speert, D. B. (2008) · Neuroscience Gateway · doi:10.1038/aba1803
Pharmacological Probing of Type 1 Autism
Manev, H., & Manev, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0594-2
Cellular reprogramming to study intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental disorders
Ezashi, T. (2013) · OA Biochemistry · doi:10.13172/2052-9651-1-1-443
Bailey, A. R. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Schizophrenia Has a High Heritability, but Where Are the Genes?
McDonald, P. P., & Singh, S. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0837-2_9
Social dysfunction and mental retardation
Pietropaolo, S., Sluyter, F., & Crusio, W. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107360556.010
The Science and Economics of Prevention
Strauss, K. A., Puffenberger, E. G., Rider, N. L., Markx, S., & Morton, C. S. (2011)
Genomic Rearrangements in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identification of Novel Candidate Genes
Malenfant, P. (2009) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Takeuchi, R., Ohtsuka, K., Ochi, N., & Inaguma, Y. (2010)
Neurexins and Neuroligins: A Synaptic Code for Neuronal Wiring That Is Implicated in Autism
Chubykin, A. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92708-4_17
August, C. L. (2015) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17013839
Smith, S. D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139025997.015
Reis, V. N. D. S. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2014.tde-08122014-121628
Language Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rakhlin, N., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2014) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814602167_0003
The Genetics of Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Nudel, R., Ceroni, F., Simpson, N. H., & Newbury, D. F. (2015) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald.58.01nud
Regulation of the Prickle1 and Prickle2 genes and their role in autism spectrum disorders
Paemka, L., Murray, J. C., Stipp, C. S., Slusarski, D. C., Bassuk, A. G., Cornell, R. A., & Comeron, J. (2014) · doi:10.17077/etd.vw8d78wt
Experimental Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder Follow-Up for the Validity
Devi, U., Kumar, V., Gupta, P. S., Dubey, S., Singh, M., Gautam, S., Rawat, J. K., Roy, S., Yadav, R. K., Ansari, M. N., et al. (2016) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-016-0088-7
Organization and function of molecular domains in myelinated neurons
Green, J. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qmcn-th07
Genetic basis of neurological disorder with human induced pluripotent stem cells
Vigensh, M., & Balachandar, V. (2017) · International Journal of Current Advanced Research · doi:10.24327/ijcar.2017.3886.0387
Épistémologie et méthodologie en psychanalyse et en psychiatrie
Philippe, A., Colleaux, L., & Münnich, A. (2017) · Érès eBooks · doi:10.3917/eres.golse.2017.01.0235
Rendall, A. R. (2017) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut)
(Poli)geny na język. Prolegomena do lingwistyki genetycznej
Krysiak, A. P. (2010) · Investigationes Linguisticae · doi:10.14746/il.2010.20.4
Gómez, C. A., Rodríguez, A., Sánchez, A., Montoya, J. C., Soto, J., & Vallejo, F. G. (2017) · Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Ciencias Biológicas
L'autre, le semblable, le différent...
Münnich, A. (2014) · Presses Universitaires de France eBooks · doi:10.3917/puf.fryd.2014.01.0039
Comprehensive Ontology Design for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Janatimasaoom, B. (2016) · Knowledge Commons (Lakehead University)
Yu, T. W., Coulter, M. E., Chahrour, M. H., & Walsh, C. A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382227-7.00090-2
Nikolaeva, E. I. (2020) · Comprehensive Child Studies · doi:10.33910/2687-0223-2020-2-1-58-64
Eye-tracking explorations of attention to faces for communicative cues in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2011) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Feinstein, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444325461.notes
Giedd, J. N., & Raznahan, A. (2011) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.10954956.13127055
Delving into the genetic causes of language impairment in people with partial deletions of NRXN1Preprint
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Jiménez-Romero, M. S., & Fernández-Urquiza, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aw25n
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444325461.biblio
Grand Celebration: 10th Anniversary of the Human Genome Project
Rampelotto, P. H., Burn, J., Lupski, J., & Nelson, K. (2016) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-170-2
Childhood Academic Performance: A Potential Marker of Genetic Liability to Autism
Guilfoyle, J. L., Winston, M., Sideris, J. H., Martin, G. E., Nayar, K., Bush, L., Wassink, T., & Losh, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05459-5 · Cited by 1
Singleton, A., & Brás, J. (2011) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.10954956.11905059
Modifier Genes and Autism Susceptibility
Hoffman, E. J., & Johnson, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1330
Murdoch, J. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1332
Contactin-Associated Protein 2
Murdoch, J. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1321
El-Fishawy, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1324
Reber, M. E. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511978616.007
Contactin-Associated Protein 2
Murdoch, J. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1321
Chien, Y., Chen, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-52779/v1
Genetic Susceptibility in Tourette Syndrome
Abdallah, S. B., & Fernandez, T. V. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197543214.003.0009
Feng, J., Li, J., Xie, Y., Lü, Y., Bi, F., & Zhou, J. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220548
Ghamari, R., Tahmaseb, M., Alizadeh, F., Mohammadzadeh, A., Tavakolian, N., Sarabi‐Jamab, A., & Tehrani‐Doost, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3508071/v1
Nguyen, H. D., Vu, G. H., & Kim, W. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100128
Lobete, M., Dionisio, L. E., McCoig, E., Piguel, N. H., Spielman, B. P., Socas, S., Santos, M. D., Boers-Escuder, C., Penzes, P., & Martin‐de‐Saavedra, M. D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621898
Sojoudi, K., Azizi, H., & Solaimani, M. (2025) · Cellular Reprogramming · doi:10.1089/cell.2024.0066
Justino, Â. J. (2025) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hjvtp_v3
Rodenko, E. L., Lemler, M. O., & Binder, M. S. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115115
Wang, S., He, Y., Zhao, Z., & Yang, B. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.70079
Anticossos contra antígens de membrana neuronal en encefalitis paraneoplàsica i idiopàtica
Barado, A. B. (2012) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)
Rivera‐Bruguès, N. (2012) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Sullivan, D. L. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Alarcón, M., Abrahams, B. S., Stone, J. L., Duvall, J. A., Perederiy, J. V., Bomar, J. M., Sebat, J., Wigler, M., Martin, C. L., Ledbetter, D. H., Nelson, S. F., Cantor, R. M., & Geschwind, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Geschwind, Daniel H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 150-159
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2253955
- OpenAlex
- W2126538155
- Cited by
- 818
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 44.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH64547, R01MH064547, R01MH076431)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- CNTNAP2, autism susceptibility, language development, neurexin, genetic linkage, genetic association, trios, brain gene expression, neurodevelopmental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Brain, Child, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, Female, Humans, Language Development, Male, Membrane Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Gene Expression, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
