Best products for skin antisepsis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND Skin antiseptics are used for several purposes before surgical procedures, for bathing high-risk patients as a means of reducing central line-associated infections and other health care associated infections. METHODS A PubMed search was performed to update the evidence on skin antiseptic products and practices. RESULTS Current guidelines for prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) recommend preoperative baths or showers with a plain or antimicrobial soap prior to surgery, but do not make recommendations on the timing of baths, the total number of baths needed, or about the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CGH)-impregnated cloths. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that pre-operative surgical hand antisepsis using an antimicrobial soap or alcohol-based hand rub yields similar SSI rates. Other studies have reported that using an alcohol-based hand rub caused less skin irritation, was easier to use, and required shorter scrub times than using antimicrobial soap. Current SSI prevention guidelines recommend using an alcohol-containing antiseptic for surgical site infection. Commonly used products contain isopropanol combined with either CHG or with povidone-iodine. Surgical site preparation protocols for shoulder surgery in men may need to include coverage for anaerobes. Several studies suggest the need to monitor and improve surgical site preparation techniques. Daily bathing of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with a CHG-containing soap reduces the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). Evidence for a similar effect in non-ICU patients is mixed. Despite widespread CHG bathing of ICU patients, numerous barriers to its effective implementation exist. Measuring CHG levels on the skin is useful for identifying gaps in coverage and suboptimal skin concentrations. Using alcohol-based products with at least 2% CHG for skin preparation prior to central line insertion reduces CLABSIs. CONCLUSIONS Progress has been made on skin antisepsis products and protocols, but improvements in technique are still needed.
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Antiseptic skin cleaning processes have been used in the pre-admission and early preoperative periods before various surgical procedures with most available evidence reported for orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic surgeries.
“Antiseptic skin cleaning processes have been used in the pre-admission and early preoperative periods before various surgical procedures with most available evidence reported for orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic surgeries.137”
From Guidelines for antenatal and preoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society recommendations (part 1)—2025 update (2026) · cites this paper as [137]
The Preoperative Bathing discussion (page not available in our copy) describes bathing before admission or on the night before or day of surgery, and lists orthopedic, colorectal, hysterectomy, and Cesarean procedures. It does not establish that most available evidence concerns orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic surgery rather than other procedures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis: An overview
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Self-citationWilson, R. D., Monks, D. T., Sharawi, N., Bamber, J., Panelli, D. M., Sauro, K. M., Shah, P. S., Muraca, G. M., Metcalfe, A., Wood, S. L., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Sun, J., Yang, Z., Rastogi, S., Liu, Y., & Zhao, B.-B. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000002024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mulinda, C., Suhail, S., Sutherland, B., Lauren, C. T., & Hunt, R. D. (2024) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1111/pde.15773 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ioannidis, O., Anestiadou, Ε., Koltsida, A., Ramirez, J. M., Fabbri, N., Ubieto, J. M., Feo, C. V., Pesce, A., Rosetzka, K., Antonio Arroyo, S., et al. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13080231 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Strategies to reduce the risk of surgical site infections of the skin
Maghfour, J., & Jiang, S. I. B. (2025) · JAAD reviews. · doi:10.1016/j.jdrv.2025.04.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Drugeon, B., Rickard, C. M., Schults, J. A., Guénézan, J., & Mimoz, O. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102851 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhanced recovery after Caesarean delivery. Part 1: preoperative and intraoperative considerations
Yau, N. W. L., Takenoshita, M., Sultan, P., & Desai, N. (2026) · BJA Education · doi:10.1016/j.bjae.2025.12.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Introducing the model of repeated exposure of skin to antiseptics: Randomised pilot trial
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Decolonization in Nursing Homes to Prevent Infection
Miller, L. G., Gussin, G., & Huang, S. S. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2315001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
«AGGRESSIVE» MECHANICAL ANTISEPTIC IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF WOUND INFECTION
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Teaching the Sterile Start: A Rapid Scoping Review and Proposed START-OR Competency ModelPreprint
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- Authors
- Boyce, J. M.
- Corresponding author
- Boyce, John M.
- ORCID
- Boyce, John M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Infection Control
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-11
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- A58-A63
- ISSN
- 0196-6553 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4387932855
- Semantic Scholar
- 4501a6326e0eb2b06563d3afe028365b4c8937cc
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Infection Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Surgical site infection prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- skin antiseptics, surgical site infection prevention, chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone-iodine, alcohol-based hand rub, antimicrobial soap, preoperative bathing, central line-associated bloodstream infection
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents, Local, Antisepsis, Chlorhexidine, Humans, Male, Povidone-Iodine, Preoperative Care, Skin, Soaps, Surgical Wound Infection, 2-Propanol
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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