Cited by 398Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: paving the way for new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus

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Coustan, Donald R., Lowe, Lynn P., Metzger, Boyd E., Dyer, Alan R.·2010·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

DOI 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.006PMC PMC2897007

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Abstract

The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study was performed in response to the need for internationally agreed upon diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, based upon their predictive value for adverse pregnancy outcome. Increases in each of the 3 values on the 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test are associated with graded increases in the likelihood of pregnancy outcomes such as large for gestational age, cesarean section, fetal insulin levels, and neonatal fat content. Based upon an iterative process of decision making, a task force of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommends that the diagnosis of gestational diabetes be made when any of the following 3 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test thresholds are met or exceeded: fasting 92 mg/dL, 1-hour 180 mg/dL, or 2 hours 153 mg/dL. Various authoritative bodies around the world are expected to deliberate the adoption of these criteria.

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Comparison of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Parturients With and Without a Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
Freitas, I. C. S., Hintz, M. C., Orth, L. C., da Rosa, T. G., Iser, B. P. M., & Psendziuk, C. (2019) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1696947 · Cited by 11
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Güleroğlu, F. Y., Ozmen, A. B., Bakırcı, I. T., Doğu, S. Y., Yılmaz, I., & Çetin, A. (2022) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06860-2 · Cited by 11
“For the diagnosis of GDM, there is a need for at least one of the following three criteria of 75-g, 2-h OGTT thresholds that were met or found with a higher value: fasting 92 mg/dL, 1-h 180 mg/dL, or 2 h 153 mg/dL at 24–28 weeks of gestation [23].”
Method
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Edwell, J., & Jack, J. (2016) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9762-9 · Cited by 10
Perinatal Outcomes in a Population of Diabetic and Obese Pregnant Women—The Results of the Polish National Survey
Wojtyla, C., Stanirowski, P., Gutaj, P., Ciebiera, M., & Wojtyla, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020560 · Cited by 10
“The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study included a recommendation of a three-step 75 g OGTT as a new equalization criterion [30].”
Background
Prevalence of maternal hyperglycemic subtypes by race/ethnicity and associations between these subtypes with adverse pregnancy outcomes: Findings from a large retrospective multi-ethnic cohort in the United States
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Impact of Maternal Micronutrient Intake on Gestational Diabetes Risk: Results from Greece’s BORN2020 Prospective Cohort Study
Tranidou, A., Magriplis, E., Apostolopoulou, A., Tsakiridis, I. G., Chroni, V., Tsekitsidi, E., Kalaitzopoulou, I., Pazaras, N., Chourdakis, M., & Dagklis, T. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091375 · Cited by 9
“The guidelines for the diagnosis of GDM used in this study are the ones recommended by the Hellenic Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (HSOG) [23], and are in accordance with the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study [24].”
Method
Outcomes of Pregnancies Affected by Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural First Nations Obstetrical Program in Northwest Ontario
Kattini, R., Poirier, J., Kelly, L., Madden, S., Ockenden, H., Dooley, J., & Hummelen, R. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.01.001 · Cited by 9
Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Offspring Early Childhood Growth
Feghali, M. N., Atlass, J., Abebe, K. Z., COMER, D. M., Catov, J. M., Caritis, S. N., Arslanian, S. A., & Scifres, C. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa742 · Cited by 9
Diabetes gestacional
Bougherara, L., Hanssens, S., Subtil, D., Vambergue, A., & Deruelle, P. (2018) · EMC - Ginecología-Obstetricia · doi:10.1016/s1283-081x(18)88086-9 · Cited by 16
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Its Knowledge and Associated Factors among United Arab Emirates University Students
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TREATMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS: INSULIN OR METFORMIN?
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Pregnancy outcomes in women with a hemoglobinopathy trait: a multicenter, retrospective study
Kasparek, J., Burkhardt, T., Hoesli, I. M., & Bencaiova, G. A. (2021) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-021-06058-y · Cited by 8
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Milln, J., Nakabuye, B., Natamba, B., Sekitoleko, I., Mubiru, M. C., Namara, A. A., Tumwesigire, S., Tino, S., Mirembe, M., Kakande, A., et al. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03795-5 · Cited by 8
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Balagopalan, N., Pathak, R., Islam, F., Nigam, A., Kapur, P., & Agarwal, S. (2021) · Indian Journal of Community and Family Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcfm.ijcfm_9_20 · Cited by 8
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Hall, D. R., Toit, M. D. D., Mason, D., & Conradie, M. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/16089677.2015.1069015 · Cited by 9
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do Valle, J. B., Silva, J. C., Oliveira, D. S., Martins, L., Lewandowski, A., & Horst, W. (2017) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12326 · Cited by 7
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Li, D.-Y., Wang, L., Li, L., Zhou, S., Tan, J., Tang, C., Liao, Q., Liu, T., Wen, L., & Qi, H. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00944-2 · Cited by 8
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Lin, L., Sun, B., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Lin, J., & Yan, J. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04053 · Cited by 7
Maternal glycemic control in diabetic pregnancies and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preschool aged children. A prospective cohort study
Griffith, R., Harding, J. E., McKinlay, C. J. D., Wouldes, T. A., Harris, D. L., & Alsweiler, J. M. (2019) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.01.010 · Cited by 7
“[11–13] The definitions of abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy and recommended targets for glucose management [14,15] have also all changed since that time.”
Method
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Riley, M., Lambrelli, D., Graham, S., Henry, O., Sutherland, A., Schmidt, A., Sawalhi-Leckenby, N., Donaldson, R., & Stoszek, S. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04769-x · Cited by 7
“For gestational diabetes, this increase may also have been driven by revised diagnostic criteria and an increased clinician awareness following the publication of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, which was conducted during the study period [47].”
Background
Clinical Value of Serum BMP-4, BMP-2, GDF-15, MMP-9, GP39 Levels in Pregnant Women with Obesity and the Related Comorbidities Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Hypertension
Güleroğlu, F. Y., Selvi, E., Bakırcı, I. T., Bafalı, İ. O., Atalmış, H. A., Dayan, M. Y., Ozmen, A. B., Yurtçu, N., Atas, B. S., Anayurt, E. Ö., et al. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie · doi:10.1055/a-1937-1155 · Cited by 8
Comparison of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India ( DIPSI ) and WHO criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes by assessment of fetomaternal outcomes
Raghav, M., Suri, J., Rani, A., Debata, P. K., & Bachani, S. (2023) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14921 · Cited by 8
An Empirical Bayes Method for Multivariate Meta-analysis with an Application in Clinical Trials
Chen, Y., Luo, S., Chu, H., Su, X. G., & Nie, L. (2014) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610926.2012.700379 · Cited by 8
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), affecting around 18% of pregnancies, is a form of diabetes that is diagnosed during pregnancy and increases risk of T2DM (Coustan et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Postpartum care for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across urban, rural and remote locations: a protocol for a cohort linkage study
Chamberlain, C., Fredericks, B. L., Davis, B., Mein, J. K., Smith, C. L., Eades, S., & Oldenburg, B. F. (2013) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-576 · Cited by 7
“Evidence about the risks of GDM (Coustan et al. 2010) has led to changes to international (International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups 2010) and national screening guidelines (Teh et al. 2011; Nankervis et al. 2013).”
Background
An audit of stillborn babies in mothers with diabetes mellitus at a tertiary South African Hospital
Rossouw, J., Hall, D., Mason, D., & Gebhardt, G. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/16089677.2017.1331652 · Cited by 7
Alexithymia, body mass index and gestational diabetes in pregnant women — FinnBrain birth cohort study
Kajanoja, J., Karukivi, M., Scheinin, N. M., Tuulari, J. J., Ahrnberg, H., Karlsson, L., & Karlsson, H. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109742 · Cited by 7
Interventions to prevent women developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
Griffith, R., Alsweiler, J. M., Moore, A. E., Brown, S. C., Middleton, P., Shepherd, E. S., & Crowther, C. A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012394.pub2 · Cited by 7
Glucose variability as a key mediator in the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and late-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Tano, S., Kotani, T., Inamura, T., Kinoshita, F., Fuma, K., Matsuo, S., Yoshihara, M., Imai, K., Yoshida, S., Yamashita, M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02965-1 · Cited by 6
“Nevertheless, GDM is reported to be associated with an increased risk of HDP 32,33 , and this may be explained by the higher prevalence of GDM observed in women with High-GV in this study.”
Maternal Macronutrient Intake and Associated Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the BORN2020 Study
Tranidou, A., Tsakiridis, I. G., Magriplis, E., Apostolopoulou, A., Chroni, V., Tsekitsidi, E., Kalaitzopoulou, I., Pazaras, N., Chourdakis, M., & Dagklis, T. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13010057 · Cited by 6
“The diagnosis of GDM was based on the criteria established by the Hellenic Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (HSOG), which were derived from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study [11].”
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Far North Queensland, Australia, 2004 to 2010: midwives' perinatal data most accurate source
Chamberlain, C., Fredericks, B. L., McLean, A., Davis, B., Eades, S., Stewart, K., & Reid, C. M. (2013) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12148 · Cited by 6
Diabetes in pregnancy among indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: a method for systematic review of studies with different designs
Chamberlain, C., Yore, D., Li, H., Williams, E. D., Oldenburg, B. F., Oats, J. J. N., McNamara, B. J., & Eades, S. (2011) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-104 · Cited by 6
Effect of the New Nordic Diet compared with usual care on glucose control in gestational diabetes mellitus: Study protocol for the randomized controlled trial intervention with new Nordic DIet in women with GestatiOnal diabetes mellitus (iNDIGO)
Karlsson, T., Augustin, H., Lindqvist, M., Otten, J., Petersson, K., Lindholm, E., Mogren, I., & Winkvist, A. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106706 · Cited by 5
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Shriyan, P., Khetrapal, S., van Schayck, O. C. P., & Babu, G. R. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111378 · Cited by 7
“[38 – 40] The research staff followed standard techniques for all the measurements and was periodically tested and certified for internal validity by St. John ’ s Research Institute, Bengaluru.”
Review of metformin and glyburide in the management of gestational diabetes
Carroll, D. G., & Kelley, K. W. (2014) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.4321/s1886-36552014000400001 · Cited by 6
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in a treated versus non- treated cohort of women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus according to the HAPO 5 and 4 criteria.
Maryns, A.-S., Dehaene, I., & Page, G. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
Two criteria of oral glucose tolerance test to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus
Nunes, R. D., Flores, M. G., Seemann, M., Traebert, E., & Traebert, J. L. (2020) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.139 · Cited by 7
Diabetes gestacional: factores de riesgo y complicaciones perinatales
Palacios, M. C., Carlos Lugo, L., Bolaños, N., Narváez, C. M. V., Vásquez, J., Fraute, A. R., & González-Blanco, M. (2022) · Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela · doi:10.51288/00820106 · Cited by 13
Metformin: A promising option for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus – Exploring the benefits, challenges and clinical needs in the current management of gestational diabetes mellitus
Bastian, B., Smithers, L. G., Davis, W. S., Pape, A., & François, M. E. (2022) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13513 · Cited by 7
Prenatal Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated Health, and Diabetes Self-Efficacy: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Lara-Cinisomo, S., de Mola, J. R. L., Flores-Carter, K., Tabb, K. M., & Roloff, K. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013603 · Cited by 6
“24–28 week 2-h glucose challenge test [33,34].”
Method
Critères diagnostiques du diabète gestationnel
Cosson, E. (2010) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(10)70050-8 · Cited by 6
Association of first trimester peripheral blood count-derived immune markers with the risk of incident hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study
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The relationship between thyroid autoantibody positivity and abnormal pregnancy outcomes and miscarriage in euthyroid patients
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Myo‐inositol alters the effects of glucose, leptin and insulin on placental palmitic acid and oleic acid metabolism
Watkins, O. C., Pillai, R. A., Selvam, P., Yong, H. E. J., Cracknell-Hazra, V. K. B., Sharma, N., Cazenave‐Gassiot, A., Bendt, A. K., Godfrey, K. M., Lewis, R. M., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285036 · Cited by 5
Impact of Maternal Macronutrient Intake on Large for Gestational Age Neonates’ Risk Among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the Greek BORN2020 Cohort
Siargkas, A., Tranidou, A., Magriplis, E., Tsakiridis, I. G., Apostolopoulou, A., Xenidis, T., Pazaras, N., Chourdakis, M., & Dagklis, T. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020269 · Cited by 5
“If at least one of the measurements is equal to or above the corresponding cutoff, GDM is diagnosed [14].”
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McLean, A., Katz, M., Oats, J. J. N., Wang, Z., Barr, E., & Maple-Brown, L. J. (2021) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13281 · Cited by 5
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Galdikaitė, G., Simanauskaitė, A., Ramonienė, G., Savukynė, E., Malakauskienė, L., & Tarasevičienė, V. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050854 · Cited by 5
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Olmos, P. R., Borzone, G. R., & Poblete, A. (2018) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.01.026 · Cited by 5
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Soldevila, B., Alarcón, L., Vlacho, B., Real, J., Hernández, M., Cos, X., Franch‐Nadal, J., & Mauricio, D. (2024) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2023.12.007 · Cited by 6
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Ontiveros, J., Gunnarsdóttir, J., & Einarsdóttir, K. (2024) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckae105 · Cited by 6
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Guo, J., Yan, D., Chen, W., Wang, S., Zheng, Y., Zhang, W., Hu, C., Luo, M., & Yu, X. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70118 · Cited by 4
The nature of the binding between insulin receptor and serotonin transporter in placenta (review)
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Rickert, M. C., Caughey, A. B., & Valent, A. M. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.10.007 · Cited by 4
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Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Pregnancy
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Long‐term follow‐up of children with in utero exposure to sulfonylurea medications
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Milln, J., Nakabuye, B., Natamba, B., Sekitoleko, I., Mubiru, M. C., Namara, A. A., Tumwesigire, S., Tino, S., Mirembe, M., Kakanda, A., et al. (2021) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100007 · Cited by 4
Higher Serum Bilirubin Levels in Response to Higher Carbohydrate Intake During Early Pregnancy and Lower Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Occurrence in Overweight and Obese Gravidae
He, W., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Dou, Y., Chen, H., & Yan, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.701422 · Cited by 4
Association of maternal dietary patterns derived by multiple approaches with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study
Wang, S., Liu, H., Luo, C., Zhao, R., Zhou, L., Huang, S., Ge, Y., Cui, N., Shen, J., Yang, X., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2023.2220082 · Cited by 5
Perceptions of primiparous women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: A descriptive qualitative study
Sohmaran, C., Rahim, A. B. M., Chua, J. Y. X., & Shorey, S. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103802 · Cited by 7
A Prospective Study of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Gestational Diabetes in a Multiracial Cohort
Lin, Y., Zhu, Y., Wu, J., Hinkle, S. N., Rawal, S., Han, J., Weir, N. L., Tsai, M. Y., & Zhang, C. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001081 · Cited by 4
Home versus hospital glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy
Gill, M. G., Nguyen, T.-M. N., Bain, E., Crowther, C. A., & Middleton, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011069 · Cited by 5
Hyperglycemia First Detected in Pregnancy in South Africa: Facts, Gaps, and Opportunities
Coetzee, A., Hall, D. R., & Conradie, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2022.895743 · Cited by 4
“Discrepancies as to what should be regarded as a normal HbA1c and the ideal HbA1c value for the diagnosis of diabetes remain between different populations and ethnicities (38, 89).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pregnancy outcomes and management in lung and heart transplant recipients: A systematic review
Tanaka, A., Filippidis, F. T., Asmar, M. L. E., Reed, A. K., Morley-Smith, A. C., & Gerovasili, V. (2025) · JHLT Open · doi:10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100297 · Cited by 3
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus affect fetal growth and perinatal outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization
Su, Y., Niu, Y., Zhao, B., Su, S., Klein, C., Hou, X., Li, X., & Lv, H. (2025) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100571 · Cited by 3
Investigation the Effects of Metformin versus Insulin on Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trail
Najafian, M., Barati, M., Masihi, S., & Fardipor, A. (2016) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v9n4p272 · Cited by 3
Gestational diabetes mellitus: current screening problems
Волкова, Н. И., & Panenko, S. O. (2022) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm12727 · Cited by 4
Does the Change in the Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes in Poland Affect Maternal and Fetal Complications? A Prospective Study
Cichocka, E., & Gumprecht, J. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58030398 · Cited by 3
Patients with gestational diabetes mellitus may be treated in both early and late pregnancy, especially in patients with pre-pregnancy overweight: A cross-sectional study in Japan
Takemoto, A., Nagai, Y., Kawanabe, S., Nakagawa, T., Matsumoto, K., Hasegawa, J., Suzuki, N., Tanaka, Y., & Sone, M. (2023) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-023-00646-w · Cited by 4
Le dépistage du diabète gestationnel : encore de nombreuses questions non résolues
Bartolo, S., Vambergue, A., & Deruelle, P. (2016) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.12.004 · Cited by 4
Demographics, prevalence and outcomes of diabetes in pregnancy in NW Ontario
Kelly, L., Hummelen, R., Kattini, R., Poirier, J., Madden, S., Ockenden, H., & Dooley, J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine · doi:10.4103/cjrm.cjrm_71_19 · Cited by 3
Paradigms of Lifestyle Medicine and Wellness
Scales, R., & Buman, M. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24687-1_4 · Cited by 3
Current Practice and Controversies in Screening for Gestational Diabetes
Huda, M. S. B., & Mallik, R. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399819666220613154802 · Cited by 3
Compositional Analysis Of The Bacterial Community In Colostrum Samples From Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus And ObesityPreprint
Gámez-Valdez, J. S., García-Mazcorro, J. F., Rincón, A. H. M., Reyes, D. L. R., Blanco, G. J., Rodriguez, M. T. A., de Vaca, R. P., Alcorta-García, M. R., Brunck, M. E. G., Díaz, V. J. L., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-48912/v1 · Cited by 3
Pre-Conception Physical Activity and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from the BORN 2020 Study
Tranidou, A., Siargkas, A., Tsakiridis, I., Magriplis, E., Apostolopoulou, A., Koutsouki, G., Chourdakis, M., & Dagklis, T. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17111832 · Cited by 2
“…gestation underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and GDM was defined according to the hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes (HAPO) criteria [26]: fasting plasma glucose ≥ 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L), 1-h plasma glucose ≥ 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L), or 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L).”
Influential
Mindfulness and Cardiometabolic Health During Pregnancy: An Integrative Review
Lindsay, K. L., Guo, Y., & Gyllenhammer, L. E. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02337-2 · Cited by 2
“…risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes, including increased risk for childhood obesity and maternal risk for developing type 2 diabetes (Coustan et al., 2010; Durnwald et al., 2011; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, 2008, 2010a, 2010b; Vamber-gue et al., 2000; Walsh et al.,…”
Assessment of the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on placental angiogenesis in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Buczyńska, A., Kościuszko, M., Kretowski, A. J., & Szelachowska, M. (2026) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-026-10060-7 · Cited by 2
Vaginal Progesterone Has No Diabetogenic Potential in Twin Pregnancies: A Retrospective Case-Control Study on 1686 Pregnancies
Rosta, K., Al-Bibawy, K., Al-Bibawy, M., Temsch, W., Springer, S., Somogyi, A., & Ott, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072249 · Cited by 2
Underestimation of risk for large babies in rural and remote Australia: Time to change plasma glucose collection protocols
Jamieson, E. L., Spry, E. P., Kirke, A. B., Roxburgh, C., Atkinson, D. N., & Marley, J. V. (2020) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100247 · Cited by 2
“This modification gave a similar positive predictive value for LGA as for GDM by HAPO preanalytical protocol correction [29].”
Method
Metformin Use in Gestational Diabetes
Daud, N. A. A., Mohiuddin, S. G., Ong, Y. P., Yusof, F. A. M., Yusoff, F., Harun, S. N., & Ghadzi, S. M. S. (2021) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_542_20 · Cited by 3
“%) had not read the 2017 version of CPG on the management of diabetes in pregnancy [Figure 1].”
Curva de altura uterina: comparação entre gestantes diabéticas com bom controle glicêmico e gestantes não diabéticas
Couto, L. C. S., da Silva, J. M. C. F., Tavares, L. C., Trad, M. E. P., da Silveira, L. G., Garcia, L. M. M., & Zimmermmann, J. B. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e10674.2022 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Scoping Review
Mena, S. C. M. (2022) · Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics · doi:10.23880/jqhe-16000299 · Cited by 2
A pragmatic lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (PAIGE2): A parallel arm, multicenter randomized controlled trial study protocol
McAuley, E., Fleck, O., Cassidy, L., Kemp, B. J., Cupples, G., Kelly, B. P., Creighton, R. M., Graham, U., Wallace, H. M., Patterson, C. C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1118509 · Cited by 3
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), classified as glucose intolerance with first recognition or onset during pregnancy, is a global health problem with reported prevalence rates of 2-18% (1, 2).”
Background
Relationship Between Amino Acid Intake in Maternal Diet and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the BORN 2020 Pregnant Cohort in Northern Greece
Tranidou, A., Siargkas, A., Magriplis, E., Tsakiridis, I. G., Apostolopoulou, A., Chourdakis, M., & Dagklis, T. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010173 · Cited by 2
“According to these, all pregnant women are routinely screened for GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, based on the findings of the HAPO study [23].”
Hypertensive disorders in a gestational diabetes cohort from Cape Town, South Africa
May, L., Mason, D., van de Vyver, M., Conradie, M., & Hall, D. R. (2025) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101185 · Cited by 2
Impaired lipid transport in gestational diabetes mellitus
Flood-Nichols, S. K., Lutgendorf, M. A., Mesngon, M. T., Harroun, A. J., Cesarini, M. S., Napolitano, P. G., & Ippolito, D. L. (2013) · journal of Diabetes Research and Clinical Metabolism · doi:10.7243/2050-0866-2-22 · Cited by 3
“GDM is characterized by glucose intolerance in previously euglycemic individuals and is diagnosed in the late second trimester by a glucose challenge test [2,4].”
Background
L’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO) revisitée
Scheen, A. J., & Luyckx, F. (2010) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/s1957-2557(10)70124-3 · Cited by 2
Is omitting the 3rd hour measurement in the 100 g oral glucose tolerance test feasible?
Şükür, Y. E., Seval, M. M., Özmen, B., Yalçın, İ., Karaeren, Z., Söylemez, F., & Koç, A. (2016) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2015-0124 · Cited by 2
Le dépistage du diabète gestationnel : encore de nombreuses questions non résolues
Bartolo, S., Vambergue, A., & Deruelle, P. (2016) · Sages-Femmes · doi:10.1016/j.sagf.2016.04.005 · Cited by 2
Impact des nouveaux critères de dépistage sur la prévalence du diabète gestationnel
Wery, E., Vambergue, A., Gouëff, F. L., Vincent, D., & Deruelle, P. (2014) · Sages-Femmes · doi:10.1016/j.sagf.2014.06.003 · Cited by 2
“[5] Coustan DR, Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Dyer AR.”
BackgroundInfluential
Risk Factors associated with Diabetes in Pregnancy: The Nigerian perspective using the new World Health Organization (WHO) criteria
Akhidue, K., Akhidue, D., & Alikor, C. A. (2020) · The Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.31254/jmr.2020.6111 · Cited by 2
Comparison of biomarkers of oxidative stress, 8-isoprostane, advanced oxidation protein products, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and pro-apoptosis, cytokeratin 18 M30, in women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus
Güleroğlu, F. Y., Bafalı, İ. O., Topaktas, M., Atalmış, H. A., Doğu, S. Y., Atas, B. S., Anayurt, E. Ö., Okyay, T. M., & Çetin, A. (2022) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-022-01072-5 · Cited by 2
“tolerance test (OGTT) thresholds were met or exceeded: fasting 92 mg/dL, 1-h 180 mg/dL, or 2-h 153 mg/dL at 24– 28 weeks of gestation [17].”
Background
Compositional analysis of the bacterial community in colostrum samples from women with gestational diabetes mellitus and obesityPreprint
Gámez-Valdez, J. S., García-Mazcorro, J. F., Rincón, A. H. M., Reyes, D. L. R., Blanco, G. J., Rodriguez, M. T. A., de Vaca, R. P., Alcorta-García, M. R., Brunck, M. E. G., Díaz, V. J. L., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-48912/v2 · Cited by 2
Achievement of Target Glycemic Goal with Simple Basal Insulin Regimen in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Fukuoka, M., Yasuhi, I., Yamashita, H., Ashimoto, K., Kurata, N., Yamaguchi, J., Koga, M., Sugimi, S., Suga, S., & Fukuda, M. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2023/9574563 · Cited by 1

Authors: Coustan, D. R., Lowe, L. P., Metzger, B. E., & Dyer, A. R.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID: Coustan, Donald R.
Lowe, Lynn P.
Metzger, Boyd E.
Dyer, Alan R.
Venue: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-06
Volume: 202
Issue: 6
Pages: 654.e1-654.e6
ISSN: 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.006
PMC: PMC2897007
OpenAlex: W2063955121
Cited by: 398
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 24.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-HD34242, R01-HD34243)
National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00048, M01-RR00080)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
American Diabetes Association
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, diagnostic criteria, HAPO study, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperglycemia, adverse pregnancy outcomes, large for gestational age, cesarean section, fetal insulin
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Predictive Value of Tests, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Odds Ratio, Diabetes, Gestational

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The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: paving the way for new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus

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