Design Effects in the Transition to Web-Based Surveys
Abstract
Innovation within survey modes should always be mitigated by concerns about survey quality and in particular sampling, coverage, nonresponse, and measurement error. This is as true today with the development of web surveying as it was in the 1970s when telephone surveying was being developed. This paper focuses on measurement error in web surveys. Although Internet technology provides significant opportunities for innovation in survey design, systematic research has yet to be conducted on how most of the possible innovations might affect measurement error, leaving many survey designers "out in the cold." This paper summarizes recent research to provide an overview of how choosing the web mode affects the asking and answering of questions. It starts with examples of how question formats used in other survey modes perform differently in the web mode. It then provides examples of how the visual design of web surveys can influence answers in unexpected ways and how researchers can strategically use visual design to get respondents to provide their answers in a desired format. Finally, the paper concludes with suggested guidelines for web survey design.
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The DAWBA interview has generated realistic prevalence estimates of mental disorders when used in public health services.
“it has generated realistic prevalence estimates of mental disorders when used in public health services [32,45].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [45]
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Partin, M. R., Powell, A. A., Burgess, D. J., Haggstrom, D. A., Gravely, A. A., Halek, K., Bangerter, A. K., Shaukat, A., & Nelson, D. B. (2013) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278713513586 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Professional development for teaching in higher education: Faculty perceptions and attitudes
Pesce, J. R. (2015) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alkherayf, F. A., Xu, Y., Westwick, H. J., Moldovan, I. D., & Wells, P. S. (2017) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.01.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hu, S., Gentzke, A. S., Jamal, A., Homa, D. M., & Neff, L. J. (2020) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd17.190294 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Development of the National Prehospital Pediatric Readiness Project assessment
Kothari, K. M., Shah, M. I., Genovesi, A. L., Gausche‐Hill, M., Owusu‐Ansah, S., Hewes, H. A., Moore, B. R., & Remick, K. (2024) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.15012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Choosing Wisely: An idea worth sustaining
Kastner, M., Makarski, J., Mossman, K., Harris, K., Hayden, L., Giraldo, M., Sharma, D., Asalya, M., Jussaume, L., Eisen, D., et al. (2021) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13917 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Women’s Willingness to Accept Risks of Medication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Pregnancy
Kushner, T., Fairchild, A. O., Johnson, F. R., Sands, B. E., Mahadevan, U., Subramanian, S., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Ha, C. Y., & Bewtra, M. (2021) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-021-00561-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advanced Practice Nurses and Their Roles in Swiss Cancer Care: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Factors causing stress in postgraduate dental students during COVID-19 pandemic
Juneja, R., Sikka, N., Kumar, V., Chahal, S., Arora, M., Middha, M., & Singhal, R. (2021) · Dental Research Journal · doi:10.4103/1735-3327.330873 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Usefulness of Internet Surveys to Identify People with Disabilities: A Cautionary Tale
Houtenville, A. J., Phillips, K. G., & Sundar, V. (2021) · Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology · doi:10.1093/jssam/smaa045 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Conducting online web-based surveys at the time of COVID-19 pandemic
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Detecting Local Item Dependence in Polytomous Adaptive Data
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Bogossian, F. E. (2009) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2009.11.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lysine Analogue Use during Cancer Surgery: A Survey from a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre
Montroy, J. R., Hutton, B., Fergusson, D. A., Tinmouth, A. T., Lavallée, L. T., Cagiannos, I., MORASH, C. G., Flaman, A. S., & Breau, R. H. (2020) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.27.6613 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dillman, D. A., & Smyth, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dillman, Don A.
- ORCID
- Smyth, Jolene D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- S90-S96
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042687462
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 30.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing
- Keywords
- online surveys, measurement error, survey mode effects, question format, visual design, web survey design
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Medical Informatics, United States, User-Computer Interface, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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