The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 36 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006
Open accessAbstract
The estimated economic cost of excessive drinking was $223.5 billion in 2006 (72.2% from lost productivity, 11.0% from healthcare costs, 9.4% from criminal justice costs, and 7.5% from other effects) or approximately $1.90 per alcoholic drink. Binge drinking resulted in costs of $170.7 billion (76.4% of the total); underage drinking $24.6 billion; and drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion. The cost of alcohol-attributable crime was $73.3 billion. The cost to government was $94.2 billion (42.1% of the total cost).
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Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 22 Sources not found · 16 Own method · 14 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis assessing alcohol involvement among people treated in emergency departments 8 provided AAFs for nonfatal violent injuries (0.267) and unintentional injuries other than those related to traffıc crashes (0.058).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J. Attributable risk of injury associated with alcohol use: cross national data from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project. Am J Public Health 2005;95:266 -72, Table 3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 3; page unavailable) give 0.058 as the pooled attributable fraction for all-cause injuries, not specifically for nonfatal unintentional injuries excluding traffic crashes. The same table supports the citing sentence’s 0.267 figure for violence-related injuries. The paper uses meta-analytic techniques, but it does not report the claimed injury-specific fraction. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis assessing alcohol involvement among people treated in emergency departments 8 provided AAFs for nonfatal violent injuries (0.267) and unintentional injuries other than those related to traffıc crashes (0.058).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] 8. Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J. Attributable risk of injury associated with alcohol use: cross national data from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project. Am J Public Health 2005;95:266 -72, Table 3. source
The Results (Table 3; page not provided) report a pooled alcohol-attributable fraction of 0.267 for violence-related injuries, specifically for the ≥5-drinks monthly drinking pattern. The paper describes using meta-analytic techniques to estimate attributable risks from emergency-room studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated total economic cost of excessive drinking was $223.5 billion in 2006.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The definition of excessive alcohol consumption used in the study is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.
In the paper
“On a per capita basis, this cost was approximately $746 for each man, woman, and child in the U.S. in 2006.17”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National epide- miologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while almost as much $92.9 billion (41.5%) was borne by excessive drinkers and their family members (Table 2).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By cost category, the excessive drinker and their household bore 10.3% of the $24.6 billion in total healthcare expenditures related to excessive alcohol consumption.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity accounted for 61.4% of the costs.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the $24.6 billion in health expenditures attributable to alcohol, 43.4% was from specialty treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence and another 20.8% from hospitalizations for other medical conditions stemming from excessive drinking (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, comparing the 2006 estimate of $223.5 billion to those from 1992 and 1998 3,4 shows an annualized increase of 3.0%.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total cost, $161.3 billion (72.2%) came from lost productivity; $24.6 billion (11.0%) came from increased healthcare costs; $21.0 billion (9.4%) came from criminal justice costs; and $16.7 billion (7.5%) came from other effects (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“AAFs Self-reported consumption (used to define some AAFs) is under-reported in surveys 26,27 and former drinkers are not included in survey estimates of excessive drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] 26. Chavez PR, Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Impact of a new gender- specifıc defınition for binge drinking on prevalence estimates for women. Am J Prev Med 2011;40(4):468 -71. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says self-reported BRFSS alcohol measures are subject to underestimation. The Methods (page unavailable) say only people reporting alcohol use in the past 30 days were asked about binge drinking, so former drinkers were excluded from that estimate. The paper does not address AAFs or establish that former drinkers are excluded from survey estimates of excessive drinking generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. Miller TR, Levy DT, Spicer RS, Taylor DM. Societal costs of underage drinking. J Stud Alcohol 2006;67:519 -28. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depending on age group, 0.4 -0.9 days lost to absenteeism per year for female binge drinkers and 0.5-1.2days for male binge drinkers.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two largest productivity losses were from impaired productivity at work (45.9%) and lost productivity (40.3%) resulting from the 83,180 alcoholattributable deaths (46,825 from acute conditions and 36,355 from chronic conditions) that occurred in 2006 (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, slightly more than half (54.6%) of productivity losses were borne by the excessive drinker and their household; 35.1% by government; and the remainder by others in society.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two largest costs were criminal justice system costs (55.7%) and motor vehicle crashes (36.4%) (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total $73.3 billion cost of alcohol-attributable crime, 43.8% came from crash-related costs from driving under the influence, 17.2% came from corrections costs, and 15.1% came from lost productivity associated with homicide (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs of crime.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two largest productivity losses were from impaired productivity at work (45.9%) and lost productivity (40.3%) resulting from the 83,180 alcoholattributable deaths (46,825 from acute conditions and 36,355 from chronic conditions) that occurred in 2006 (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, government entities bore most (60.9%) of these costs, which is larger than the proportion of total healthcare spending that is covered by government (46.1%).18”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005- 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville MD: Offıce of Applied Studies. Lewin analysis of survey data. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For men with alcohol dependence (a subset of excessive drinkers), there was a reduction in both labor force participation (2.5%) and earnings given labor force participation (5.0%).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without truncation, the average costs would have increased 13%, 28%, and 44%, respectively.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When assessed by cost category, the share of the total cost of excessive alcohol consumption that was allocated to binge drinking was lower for health system direct costs (57.1%); than for productivity losses (74.2%); and other costs (98.1%).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The selection of the alcohol-attributable conditions included in ARDI, as well as the methods used in ARDI to obtain attribution factors for these conditions, was made by a panel of public health experts.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“To be as consistent as possible with prior estimates, the same general methods and cost centers as the NIAAA studies 3,4 were used.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > General Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The present study follows the approach in Guidelines for Cost of Illness Studies in the Public Health Service.7”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > General Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Hodgson TA, Meiners MR. 1979. Guidelines for cost-of-illness studies in the public health service. Bethesda MD: Public Health Service Task Force on Cost-of-Illness Studies.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“making it the third-leading preventable cause of death in this country.2”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > E
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Mokdad A, Marks J, Stroup D, Gerberding J. Actual causes of death in the U.S., 2000. JAMA 2004;291:1238 -45. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the surveys that were used to assess the impact of alcohol dependence on earnings included a relatively small number of women, which made it diffıcult to accurately assess the impact of alcohol dependence on earnings history.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, mortality and morbidity direct costs and lost productivity cost estimates were based on the primary cause of death or illness only; thus, contributing causes of death or disease that were related to alcohol were not considered.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol-attributable violence (i.e., intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and child sexual abuse) is likely to have been under-reported in the National Crime Victimization Survey.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Victims of alcohol-attributable violence incur higher healthcare costs and more intensive use of services than non-abused counterparts.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol-related training costs for physicians, nurses, clergy, and law enforcement personnel and transportation costs for treatment of alcohol-attributable conditions were not included in cost estimates.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, smoking currently costs the U.S. about $193 billion annually-$97 billion from lost productivity and about $96 billion in healthcare costs.21,22”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Volume beverage and ethanol consumption for States, census regions, and the U.S., 1970 -2007. www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseR- esources/QuickFacts/AlcoholSales/consum02.htm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH publica- tions. What is a standard drink? pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2.htm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Long-term care costs did not include the costs of care at home or in institutions other than nursing homes, or the cost of long-term care or sequelae from very expensive alcohol-attributable traumatic injuries (i.e., spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury).31”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] 31. Kuendig H, Hasselberg M, Laflamme L, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Acute alcohol consumption and injury: risk associations and attributable fractions for different injury mechanisms. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2008;69(2):218 -26. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The total direct and indirect cost of physical inactivity was estimated to be in excess of $150 billion in 2000.23”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] 23. Smoking and tobacco use. Fast facts. Costs and expenditures. cdc.gov/ tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm#cost.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This 3% increase is far below what would be ex-pected based on population and wage growth and cost index trends and is testament to the conservative approach used in the current study to calculate the 2006 estimate.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the estimates for absenteeism were based on data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which does not use a gender-specifıc defınition of binge drinking (i.e., it uses fıve or more drinks on a single occasion to defıne binge drinking for both genders).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study 25 of the costs of underage drinking included these costs and estimated that 67% of the total economic impact of underage drinking was due to intangible costs.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites study 25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, many subclinical cases are not recognized and their costs are not estimated.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Should a similar relationship apply here, the costs of excessive alcohol consumption estimated in the present study would have been substantially higher.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For drinking during pregnancy, FAS costs were based on a prevalence of 1 per 1000 which was lower than estimates used in many other studies.33”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33] 33. Finkelstein EA, Corso PS, Ted R, Miller TR. Incidence and economic burden of injuries in the U.S. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Most excessive drinkers are not alcohol dependent.
“Because most excessive drinkers are not alcohol dependent and the diagnoses of alcohol dependence/alcohol abuse generally involves a history of excessive drinking over an extended period of time, these diagnoses were considered an outcome of excessive drinking and not the primary basis for assessing economic costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
“This pattern of rapid alcohol consumption typically results in legal intoxication (i.e., a blood alcohol level of Ն0.08 g/dL).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The definition of excessive alcohol consumption used in the study is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.
“This defınition is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
“Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Alcohol-attributable conditions are generally under-recognized and under-reported in the healthcare system.
“Alcohol-attributable conditions are generally under-recognized and under-reported in the healthcare system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Victims of alcohol-attributable violence incur higher healthcare costs and more intensive use of services than non-abused counterparts.
“Victims of such violence incur higher healthcare costs related to more-frequent visits to care providers, including visits for mental health services, and more intensive use of these services (e.g., longer length of stay when hospitalized) than their non-abused counterparts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age are associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs.
“although early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age have been associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Of these domains, the relative contribution of criminal activity to the total economic consequences of SUDs is typically the largest driver of social costs.”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery et al., 2011
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“many of these domains are featured in existing studies of the economic burden of SUDs”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery, Harwood, Sacks, Simon, & Brewer, 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The majority of CEAs, CBAs, and economic burden studies in this field estimate the economic consequences of SUDs from health care services, criminal activity, and labor market outcomes (e.g., (Bouchery et al., 2011; Ettner et al., 2006; McCollister & French, 2003; Zarkin et al., 2015)).”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery et al., 2011
Citations
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“Introduction Alcohol use disorder is highly prevalent, affecting approximately eight million Americans and inflicting a tremendous cost (in excess of $223.5 billion annually) to society (Grant et al., 2004; Bouchery et al., 2011).”
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“The greater the number of different sources to which respondents were exposed, the higher the likelihood of (1) being aware of the risk of birth defects, (2) having a conversation about drinking during pregnancy, and (3) reducing alcohol consumption due to health concerns.”
BackgroundMuñoz‐Laboy, M., Martínez, O., Guilamo‐Ramos, V., Draine, J., Garg, K. E., Levine, E. C., & Ripkin, A. (2017) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0554-z · Cited by 11
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“, binge drinking leads to approximately 80,000 deaths and a cost of $224 billion annually.[3, 4] Among all policies aimed at reducing excessive drinking and related harm, increasing taxes is arguably the most effective intervention, and it is important to fully leverage its benefits.”
BackgroundEvaluation of a workshop to address drugs and alcohol in the workplace
ROCHE, A. M., Kostadinov, V., McEntee, A., Allan, J., Meumann, N. R., & McLaughlin, L. L. (2018) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-05-2018-0064 · Cited by 10
“…oa de d by F lin de rs U ni ve rs ity A t 1 5: 02 2 7 N ov em be r 20 18 ( PT ) Accordingly, AOD-related productivity losses, illness/injury and premature mortality constitute a significant burden for businesses and the economy (Roche et al., 2015; Schou and Moan, 2016; Bouchery et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBinge Drinking: The Top 100 Cited Papers
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Modeling Brief Alcohol Intervention Dialogue with MDPs for Delivery by ECAs
Yasavur, U., Lisetti, C., & Rishe, N. D. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40415-3_8 · Cited by 10
Primary Care Management of Alcohol Misuse
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Lifestyle and disease, male health and risks
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“Adjusting costs from a 2006 study [23] to 2014 dollars [16] and dividing by the 5% share of the US population (including children) [24] with hazardous (virtually equivalent to "heavy") or more serious drinking [25] gave a national cost per hazardous drinker per year of $17 159.”
Fear conditioning in mouse lines genetically selected for binge-like ethanol drinking
Crabbe, J. C., Schlumbohm, J. P., Hack, W. R., Barkley‐Levenson, A. M., Metten, P., & Lattal, K. M. (2016) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.01.004 · Cited by 10
Addiction Research Training Programs: Four Case Studies and Recommendations for Evaluation
Campbell, A. N. C., Back, S. E., Ostroff, J. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000328 · Cited by 10
Alexander, A. C., Obong’o, C. O., Chavan, P. P., Weg, M. W. V., & Ward, K. D. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1349802 · Cited by 11
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Rates and Impact of Adherence to Recommended Care for Unhealthy Alcohol Use
Hepner, K. A., Paddock, S. M., Watkins, K. E., Hoggatt, K. J., Rubenstein, L. V., Bogart, A., Iyiewuare, P. O., Rosenbluth, S. C., & Pincus, H. A. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4749-3 · Cited by 11
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“Alcohol-related crimes result in an estimated $73 billion in societal costs in the USA, and nearly half of this is due to intoxicated driving-related vehicle accidents.(1) While concern over intoxicated driving due to marijuana use is growing as more states move to legalize recreational use, alcohol remains the most c…”
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Alcoholics Anonymous Science Update: Introduction to the Special Issue
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Costs of Screening and Brief Intervention for Illicit Drug Use in Primary Care Settings
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“Despite these enormous costs, only 10% of patients with substance use disorders receive treatment (Bouchery et al., 2011; Pating et al., 2012; Sacks et al., 2013), spurring public health efforts to identify unhealthy substance use in health care and other settings.”
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Hoarding Behaviors and Alcohol Use: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation
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“Given the tendency for individuals with insomnia to believe that alcohol helps with sleep 8 — and the economic burden associated with both sleep and alcohol use disorders 9,10 — research examining the impact of modifiable sleep behaviors is especially important in this population.”
Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention: Office-Based Primary Care Physicians, U.S., 2015–2016
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“AUD results in an estimated 88,000 deaths each year annually and an annual cost of over 250 billion per year in the United States [96, 97].”
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“ALCOHOLISM INCREASES THE lifetime risk ofphysical illness, criminal and domestic violence, and financial and social insecurity (Fergusson et al., 2013) and represents a large economic burden on the U.S. healthcare system ($24.5B in 2006) (Bouchery et al., 2011).”
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“increases patients’ risk for homicide, suicide, assaults, and nonintentional poisoning.(6) Within the health care arena, binge”
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Alcohol and Health: Standards of Consumption, Benefits and Harm - a Review
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“…that licking patterns often reflect one of two general strategies [1] : where changes in bout number, without shifts in bout length, may reflect differences in motivation more generally, while [2] changes in motivation driven by palatability involve longer bouts and faster licking [104–108] .”
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History of Substance Abuse Research in the United States
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Dysregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in alcohol dependence
Pahng, A. R., Paulsen, R. I., McGinn, M. A., Farooq, M. A., Edwards, K. N., & Edwards, S. (2018) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.04.006 · Cited by 7
“5 billion dollars in health care expenses, lost productivity, and legal expenses (Bouchery et al., 2011).”
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Does unemployment lead to a less healthy lifestyle?
Kaiser, M., Bauer, J. M., & Sousa‐Poza, A. (2016) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2016.1231888 · Cited by 7
Television and Magazine Alcohol Advertising: Exposure and Trends by Sex and Age
Lillard, D. R., Molloy, E., & Zan, H. (2018) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.881 · Cited by 7
“ALARGE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE links excessivealcohol consumption to social, economic, and health costs including 80,000 premature deaths, lost productivity, sexual assault, and other crimes (Bouchery et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Greenfeld, 1998).”
BackgroundOECD (2015) · Health at a glance · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2015-46-en · Cited by 9
Substance‐Related Disorders: Alcohol‐Related Disorders
Babor, T. F., Hernandez‐Avila, C. A., & Ungemack, J. A. (2015) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch72 · Cited by 8
Financially literate consumers and their credit portfolios: longitudinal evidence from PSID data
Białowolski, P., Cwynar, A., & Węziak‐Białowolska, D. (2025) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-06-2024-0363 · Cited by 5
Employment trajectories among those treated for alcohol use disorder: A register‐based cohort study
Christiansen, S. G., & Moan, I. S. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15726 · Cited by 7
Weiss, N. H., Newberger, N. G., Thomas, E. D., Goldstein, S. C., Ho, D., Coutu, S. M., Avila, A. L., Contractor, A. A., & Stein, L. A. R. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01374-1 · Cited by 7
“SUD also confers considerable burden on families, social networks, and society as a whole via increases in health care usage, crime, poverty, homelessness, and productivity loss (Bouchery et al., 2011; Degenhardt & Hall, 2012).”
Sanchez, Z. M., Caetano, S. C., Galvão, P. P. D. O., Gubert, F. D. A., Rebouças, L. N., Soares‐Santos, L. E., & Valente, J. Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21338-x · Cited by 9
“…mitigating chronic diseases, reducing parental binge drinking positively influences cognitive function [50], diminishes intimate partner violence [51], reduces traffic accidents [52–54], enhances workplace productivity [55], and alleviates the burden on public authorities and health services [56].”
OECD (2015) · Health at a glance · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2015-11-en · Cited by 7
Marshall, S. A., Robinson, S. L., Ebert, S. E., Companion, M. A., & Thiele, T. E. (2022) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000522 · Cited by 7
Direct and indirect costs attributed to alcohol consumption in Brazil, 2010 to 2018
de Freitas, M. G., & da Silva, E. N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270115 · Cited by 6
Nieto, S. J., & Kosten, T. A. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15136 · Cited by 8
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“The adverse effects of alcohol abuse extend well beyond the individual, as evidenced by the broad societal consequences that afflict economic, familial, and healthcare domains (2–4).”
Frakt, A. B., Trafton, J. A., Wallace, A. E., Neuman, M. J., & Pizer, S. D. (2013) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-79 · Cited by 6
Simonetti, J. A., Lapham, G. T., & Williams, E. C. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3218-5 · Cited by 7
A Delayed Injection-Site Reaction in a Patient Receiving Extended-Release Naltrexone
Ahamad, K., Korthuis, P. T., Lum, P. J., Johnson, C., & Wood, E. (2016) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2016.1138919 · Cited by 6
New Evidence for the Role of Mental Disorders in the Development of Substance Abuse
Abram, K. M. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.02.003 · Cited by 6
Relapse prediction: A meteorology-inspired mobile model
Bishop, F. M. (2016) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102916665934 · Cited by 5
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“Alcohol use problems pose a major economic burden to society: excessive alcohol consumption cost the United States $223.5 billion in 2006 (72.2% from lost productivity, 11.0% from healthcare costs, 9.4% from criminal justice costs, and 7.5% from other effects; Bouchery et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBishop, F. M., & Orjuela, J. L. R. (2018) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102918792705 · Cited by 6
“The median cost to states is $2.6 billion per year, and Bouchery et al. (2011) estimate that binge drinking contributes to most of the estimated $746 per person per year cost of excessive alcohol consumption.”
BackgroundInfluentialAllan, N. P., López‐Castro, T., Hien, D. A., Papini, S., Killeen, T. K., Grös, D. F., Ruglass, L. M., Barrett, E. L., & Back, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09803-w · Cited by 6
Unplanned hospital re-admissions for patients with mental disorders
OECD (2013) · Health at a glance · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2013-49-en · Cited by 6
OECD (2013) · Health at a glance · doi:10.1787/health_glance-2013-38-en · Cited by 6
Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries
Escolà‐Gascón, Á., Micó, J.-L., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102036 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchery, E. E., Harwood, H. J., Sacks, J. J., Simon, C. J., & Brewer, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (US)
- Lewin Group (United States) (US)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sacks, Jeffrey J.
- ORCID
- Brewer, Robert D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 516-524
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150215474
- Cited by
- 1,041
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 73.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-02-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Mathematica Policy Research Reports (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- excessive alcohol consumption, binge drinking, underage drinking, prenatal alcohol exposure, productivity loss, health care costs, property damage, alcohol-attributable fraction, government costs, alcohol-related injuries
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholic Intoxication, Costs and Cost Analysis, Crime, Humans, United States, Databases, Factual, Health Care Costs, Alcohol-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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