The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 36 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006
Open accessAbstract
The estimated economic cost of excessive drinking was $223.5 billion in 2006 (72.2% from lost productivity, 11.0% from healthcare costs, 9.4% from criminal justice costs, and 7.5% from other effects) or approximately $1.90 per alcoholic drink. Binge drinking resulted in costs of $170.7 billion (76.4% of the total); underage drinking $24.6 billion; and drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion. The cost of alcohol-attributable crime was $73.3 billion. The cost to government was $94.2 billion (42.1% of the total cost).
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Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 22 Sources not found · 16 Own method · 14 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis assessing alcohol involvement among people treated in emergency departments 8 provided AAFs for nonfatal violent injuries (0.267) and unintentional injuries other than those related to traffıc crashes (0.058).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J. Attributable risk of injury associated with alcohol use: cross national data from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project. Am J Public Health 2005;95:266 -72, Table 3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 3; page unavailable) give 0.058 as the pooled attributable fraction for all-cause injuries, not specifically for nonfatal unintentional injuries excluding traffic crashes. The same table supports the citing sentence’s 0.267 figure for violence-related injuries. The paper uses meta-analytic techniques, but it does not report the claimed injury-specific fraction. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis assessing alcohol involvement among people treated in emergency departments 8 provided AAFs for nonfatal violent injuries (0.267) and unintentional injuries other than those related to traffıc crashes (0.058).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] 8. Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J. Attributable risk of injury associated with alcohol use: cross national data from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project. Am J Public Health 2005;95:266 -72, Table 3. source
The Results (Table 3; page not provided) report a pooled alcohol-attributable fraction of 0.267 for violence-related injuries, specifically for the ≥5-drinks monthly drinking pattern. The paper describes using meta-analytic techniques to estimate attributable risks from emergency-room studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated total economic cost of excessive drinking was $223.5 billion in 2006.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The definition of excessive alcohol consumption used in the study is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.
In the paper
“On a per capita basis, this cost was approximately $746 for each man, woman, and child in the U.S. in 2006.17”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National epide- miologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“while almost as much $92.9 billion (41.5%) was borne by excessive drinkers and their family members (Table 2).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
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In the paper
“By cost category, the excessive drinker and their household bore 10.3% of the $24.6 billion in total healthcare expenditures related to excessive alcohol consumption.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity accounted for 61.4% of the costs.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of the $24.6 billion in health expenditures attributable to alcohol, 43.4% was from specialty treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence and another 20.8% from hospitalizations for other medical conditions stemming from excessive drinking (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, comparing the 2006 estimate of $223.5 billion to those from 1992 and 1998 3,4 shows an annualized increase of 3.0%.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total cost, $161.3 billion (72.2%) came from lost productivity; $24.6 billion (11.0%) came from increased healthcare costs; $21.0 billion (9.4%) came from criminal justice costs; and $16.7 billion (7.5%) came from other effects (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of this $5.2 billion, 95.3% was related to FAS.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Drinking while pregnant.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total cost, $161.3 billion (72.2%) came from lost productivity; $24.6 billion (11.0%) came from increased healthcare costs; $21.0 billion (9.4%) came from criminal justice costs; and $16.7 billion (7.5%) came from other effects (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The largest share of the productivity losses was related to premature mortality representing 25.1% of all costs associated with underage drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, $94.2 billion (42.1%) of the total economic cost of excessive alcohol use was borne by government, including federal, state, and local government agencies, while almost as much $92.9 billion (41.5%) was borne by excessive drinkers and their family members (Table 2).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cost associated with binge drinking was $170.7 billion, underage drinking $27.0 billion, drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion, and crime $73.3 billion (note that these subcategories are not mutually exclusive and may overlap; Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total cost, $161.3 billion (72.2%) came from lost productivity; $24.6 billion (11.0%) came from increased healthcare costs; $21.0 billion (9.4%) came from criminal justice costs; and $16.7 billion (7.5%) came from other effects (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cost associated with binge drinking was $170.7 billion, underage drinking $27.0 billion, drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion, and crime $73.3 billion (note that these subcategories are not mutually exclusive and may overlap; Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of the $21.0 billion in criminal justice system costs, 76.8% came from crimes that would not be thought of as solely alcohol-attributable (e.g., assault) as opposed to obviously alcohol-attributable crimes like driving under the influence of alcohol.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 360,785 alcohol-attributable hospitalizations (0.9% of all hospitalizations) in community hospitals; 2.785 million physician offıce visits (0.31% of all such visits); 0.329 million hospital outpatient department visits (0.32% of total); and 1.272 million emergency department visits (1.07% of emergency department visits) for a total of 4.386 million outpatient visits (0.39% of all outpat”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the total cost, $161.3 billion (72.2%) came from lost productivity; $24.6 billion (11.0%) came from increased healthcare costs; $21.0 billion (9.4%) came from criminal justice costs; and $16.7 billion (7.5%) came from other effects (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the distribution of healthcare costs is highly skewed toward large values.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, 12.1% of the economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption were related to underage drinking (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was also an estimated 19.269 million days spent institutionalized or hospitalized for care resulting from excessive drinking and, depending on age group, 0.4 -0.9 days lost to absenteeism per year for female binge drinkers and 0.5-1.2days for male binge drinkers.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
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In the paper
“Thus, the total economic cost of excessive alcohol use in 2006 was about $1.90 per standard drink.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs per Alcoholic Drink
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“for a total of 4.386 million outpatient visits (0.39% of all outpatient visits) attributable to excessive drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, there were 11,976 (0.80%) nursing home admissions that were attributable to excessive drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the $24.6 billion in health expenditures attributable to alcohol, 43.4% was from specialty treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence and another 20.8% from hospitalizations for other medical conditions stemming from excessive drinking (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“First, the econometric models found that there was no reduction in workplace or household productivity for alcohol-dependent women.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“A total of $5.2 billion (2.3%) of the total economic cost of excessive drinking was at-tributable to drinking while pregnant (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Drinking while pregnant.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cost associated with binge drinking was $170.7 billion, underage drinking $27.0 billion, drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion, and crime $73.3 billion (note that these subcategories are not mutually exclusive and may overlap; Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Considering the $94.196 billion paid by government for excessive alcohol consumption, this government expense equated to about $0.80 per standard drink consumed in 2006.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs per Alcoholic Drink
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the $223.5 billion fıgure is the best currently available estimate of the cost of excessive drinking for 2006”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cost associated with binge drinking was $170.7 billion, underage drinking $27.0 billion, drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion, and crime $73.3 billion (note that these subcategories are not mutually exclusive and may overlap; Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, 12%-15% of inmates incarcerated for non-index crimes reported having drunk enough to be intoxicated at the time of the crime.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The AAFs for nonfatal injuries that were used in this study were lower than those reported in other studies.[28][29][30]”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28][29][30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, $170.7 billion (76.4%) of the total costs were attributed to binge drinking (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Percentage of total | 100.0 | 42.1 | 18.2 | 23.9 | 41.5 | 16.3”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Had average wage been used, the loss due to incarceration would have increased to $20.8 billion from $6.3 billion (a 330% increase).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“only 68.5% of specialty treatment costs for the abuse/dependent population were included in binge drinking estimates.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“For crime, the AAF for homicide from ARDI 6 was used because this AAF considers drinking by the perpetrator and not just drinking by the victim.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] 6. Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Im- pact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Since then, there have been no comprehensive national estimates of the costs of excessive alcohol consumption.5”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > E
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Navarro HJ, Doran CM, Shakeshaft AP. Measuring costs of alcohol harm to others: a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;114:87-99. source
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“A comprehensive analysis 3 estimated the 1992 economic cost of alcohol abuse at $148 billion; a 1998 update 4 put the fıgure at $184.6 billion.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > E
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
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In the paper
“For fıre-related outcomes, an AAF of 0.05 was used based on a National Fire Protection Association study.10”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. Ahrens, M. Possible impairment by alcohol or drugs as a factor in reported fıres. Quincy MA: National Fire Protection Association, May 2009.
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In the paper
“A comprehensive analysis 3 estimated the 1992 economic cost of alcohol abuse at $148 billion; a 1998 update 4 put the fıgure at $184.6 billion.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > E
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
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In the paper
“The CDC's ARDI system 6 was used as the basis for selecting the specifıc alcohol-attributable conditions that were included in the analysis of health-related costs, including deaths and healthcare expenditures related to excessive drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] 6. Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Im- pact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
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In the paper
“For nonfatal traffıc injuries, an AAF of 0.061 was derived from a National Highway Traffıc Safety Administration study of injury-producing crashes involving BACs of Ն0.10 g/dL.9”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. Blincoe L, Seay A, Zaloshnja E, et al. The economic impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2000 (NHTSA technical report). May 2002. Washing- ton DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffıc Safety Administration, Table 10.
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In the paper
“Third, using conservative cost estimates where presented with choices likely resulted in underestimation.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“This zero estimate defıes biologic plausibility and is more likely due to imprecise estimation resulting from several common problems and data gaps that plague attempts to estimate women's wages”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“In fact, if the 1998 estimate had simply been inflated to 2006 based on population and relevant price increases, the estimated 2006 cost would have been $265 billion (productivity losses $192 billion, health losses $40 billion, and other costs $34 billion) versus the $223.5 billion estimated.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“Costs resulting from reduced presenteeism (i.e., reduced workplace productivity due to excessive drinking were not included).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Productivity
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“For example, direct costs associated with increased length of hospital stay from comorbid alcohol problems were not included”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“The BAC cut-point used in this study to define fatal alcohol-attributable acute conditions (i.e., a BAC Ͼ0.10 g/dL) was conservative compared to the legal blood alcohol limit (0.08 g/dL) used in all states.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“According to the NIAAA, 550,761,000 gallons of ethanol in the form of 7,538,026,000 total gallons of beer, wine, and spirits were consumed in the U.S. in 2006, 19”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs per Alcoholic Drink
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Annual estimates of the population for the U.S., regions, and states, and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006. www.census.gov/popest/ states/tables/NST-EST2006-01.xls.
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In the paper
“AAF estimates based on ED data may be conservative because of delays in seeking treatment and incomplete or underreporting of alcohol involvement.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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“the authors believe it is a substantial underestimate.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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- Rests on an assumption: Alcohol-attributable conditions are generally under-recognized and under-reported in the healthcare system.
- Rests on an assumption: Victims of alcohol-attributable violence incur higher healthcare costs and more intensive use of services than non-abused counterparts.
- Rests on an assumption: Early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age are associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs.
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In the paper
“Alcohol involvement in crime was likely to have been under-reported.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“Using only the primary (first-listed) diagnosis to assess alcohol-attributable healthcare costs likely resulted in the exclusion of many alcohol-attributable encounters (e.g., hospitalizations with a non-alcohol-related primary diagnosis such as bleeding) but with an alcohol-attributable root cause (e.g., alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
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“Treatment costs, productivity losses, and special education costs for fetal alcohol syndrome were taken from a 2004 study.14”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Other effects.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Mark TL, Levit KR, Coffey RM, et al. National expenditures for mental health services and substance abuse treatment, 1993-2003.
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In the paper
“Comparing the 2006 estimates to those from 1992 and 1998 3,4 is problematic because there were several methodologic differences among the studies”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
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In the paper
“ED data may also underestimate alcohol involvement for people hospitalized for injuries because alcohol involvement tends to increase with injury severity.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“The $4.4 billion cost of absenteeism for excessive drinkers who were alcohol dependent was not included to avoid potential overlap with estimated earnings losses.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Productivity
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In the paper
“AAF estimates based on Medical Examiner data for deaths from acute conditions may be conservative because of alcohol metabolism and interventions (e.g., fluid replacement) administered prior to death.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“The estimated $223.5 billion cost of excessive drinking in 2006 is on a par with the costs of other major health-risk behaviors.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
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In the paper
“In the current study, reported cost distributions were truncated at the 95th percentile to reduce the impact of outliers on costs related to average expenditures for emergency department visits, hospital outpatient department visits, and offıce visits.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“the percentage of individuals with alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse who reported binge drinking in the past 30 days in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (68.5%) 15 was used to estimate the proportion of costs related to these conditions that were due to binge drinking”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Binge drinkers.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. Rockville MD, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA Publication SMA 07-4227. csat.samhsa.gov/IDBSE/spendEst/ reports/SAMHSAFINAL9303.pdf.
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In the paper
“As in ARDI, many potentially alcohol-related conditions (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, hepatitis C, sudden infant death syndrome, and sexually transmitted diseases) were not included.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
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In the paper
“or 117.4 billion standard drinks ([gallons consumed multiplied by the specifıc gravity of ethanol, the weight of 1 gallon of water, and the number of grams in 1 lb] divided by the grams of ethanol in a standard drink [i.e., 14.0]), 20”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs per Alcoholic Drink
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National health expenditure data. www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/02_ NationalHealthAccountsHistorical.asp#TopOfPage.
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In the paper
“The $5.368 billion in 2006 state and local tax revenues from alcohol 34 and $9.194 billion in federal excise taxes on alcohol in 2006 35 do not begin to cover the economic costs.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. Porter RS. Alcohol and injury in adolescents. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16(5):316 -20.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35] 35. Lupton C. The fınancial impact of fetal alcohol syndrome, SAMHSA FASD Center for Excellence, 2003. www.fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/publi- cations/cost.cfm.
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In the paper
“Subgroup estimates are similarly underestimated.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“Finally, the current study did not estimate intangible costs like pain, suffering, and bereavement.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“Research 24 has shown this underestimates binge drinking among women by about 35%.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Research 24
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In the paper
“Also, although early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age have been associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs, these costs were not included.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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- Rests on an assumption: Early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age are associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs.
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In the paper
“Despite these limitations, this study shows that the economic impact of excessive alcohol consumption is quite comparable to the economic impact of other leading healthrisk behaviors, such as smoking and physical inactivity.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
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In the paper
“For underage drinking, AAFs for nonfatal injuries are probably higher than those the current study used.32”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. MacLeod JB, Hungerford DW. Alcohol-related injury visits: do we know the true prevalence in U.S. trauma centres? Injury 2010;41: 847-51. source
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In the paper
“Fifth, for the analysis of lost productivity due to alcohol-associated incarceration, inmates' time was valued at minimum wage rather than at the average worker's wage.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“AAFs Self-reported consumption (used to define some AAFs) is under-reported in surveys 26,27 and former drinkers are not included in survey estimates of excessive drinking.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] 26. Chavez PR, Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Impact of a new gender- specifıc defınition for binge drinking on prevalence estimates for women. Am J Prev Med 2011;40(4):468 -71. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says self-reported BRFSS alcohol measures are subject to underestimation. The Methods (page unavailable) say only people reporting alcohol use in the past 30 days were asked about binge drinking, so former drinkers were excluded from that estimate. The paper does not address AAFs or establish that former drinkers are excluded from survey estimates of excessive drinking generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. Miller TR, Levy DT, Spicer RS, Taylor DM. Societal costs of underage drinking. J Stud Alcohol 2006;67:519 -28. source
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depending on age group, 0.4 -0.9 days lost to absenteeism per year for female binge drinkers and 0.5-1.2days for male binge drinkers.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The two largest productivity losses were from impaired productivity at work (45.9%) and lost productivity (40.3%) resulting from the 83,180 alcoholattributable deaths (46,825 from acute conditions and 36,355 from chronic conditions) that occurred in 2006 (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, slightly more than half (54.6%) of productivity losses were borne by the excessive drinker and their household; 35.1% by government; and the remainder by others in society.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
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In the paper
“The two largest costs were criminal justice system costs (55.7%) and motor vehicle crashes (36.4%) (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
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In the paper
“Of the total $73.3 billion cost of alcohol-attributable crime, 43.8% came from crash-related costs from driving under the influence, 17.2% came from corrections costs, and 15.1% came from lost productivity associated with homicide (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Costs of crime.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two largest productivity losses were from impaired productivity at work (45.9%) and lost productivity (40.3%) resulting from the 83,180 alcoholattributable deaths (46,825 from acute conditions and 36,355 from chronic conditions) that occurred in 2006 (Table 1).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, government entities bore most (60.9%) of these costs, which is larger than the proportion of total healthcare spending that is covered by government (46.1%).18”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Who Bears the Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005- 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville MD: Offıce of Applied Studies. Lewin analysis of survey data. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For men with alcohol dependence (a subset of excessive drinkers), there was a reduction in both labor force participation (2.5%) and earnings given labor force participation (5.0%).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Categories
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without truncation, the average costs would have increased 13%, 28%, and 44%, respectively.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When assessed by cost category, the share of the total cost of excessive alcohol consumption that was allocated to binge drinking was lower for health system direct costs (57.1%); than for productivity losses (74.2%); and other costs (98.1%).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Cost Allocations by Drinking Pattern, Risk Group, and Outcome
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The selection of the alcohol-attributable conditions included in ARDI, as well as the methods used in ARDI to obtain attribution factors for these conditions, was made by a panel of public health experts.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Alcohol-Attributable Fractions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“To be as consistent as possible with prior estimates, the same general methods and cost centers as the NIAAA studies 3,4 were used.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > General Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Harwood H, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S., 1992. Report prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, DHHS. Rockville MD: NIH, 1998. NIH Publi- cation No. 98-4327.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the U.S.: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- ism, 2000.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The present study follows the approach in Guidelines for Cost of Illness Studies in the Public Health Service.7”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > General Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Hodgson TA, Meiners MR. 1979. Guidelines for cost-of-illness studies in the public health service. Bethesda MD: Public Health Service Task Force on Cost-of-Illness Studies.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“making it the third-leading preventable cause of death in this country.2”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > E
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Mokdad A, Marks J, Stroup D, Gerberding J. Actual causes of death in the U.S., 2000. JAMA 2004;291:1238 -45. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the surveys that were used to assess the impact of alcohol dependence on earnings included a relatively small number of women, which made it diffıcult to accurately assess the impact of alcohol dependence on earnings history.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, mortality and morbidity direct costs and lost productivity cost estimates were based on the primary cause of death or illness only; thus, contributing causes of death or disease that were related to alcohol were not considered.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol-attributable violence (i.e., intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and child sexual abuse) is likely to have been under-reported in the National Crime Victimization Survey.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Victims of alcohol-attributable violence incur higher healthcare costs and more intensive use of services than non-abused counterparts.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol-related training costs for physicians, nurses, clergy, and law enforcement personnel and transportation costs for treatment of alcohol-attributable conditions were not included in cost estimates.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, smoking currently costs the U.S. about $193 billion annually-$97 billion from lost productivity and about $96 billion in healthcare costs.21,22”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Volume beverage and ethanol consumption for States, census regions, and the U.S., 1970 -2007. www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseR- esources/QuickFacts/AlcoholSales/consum02.htm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH publica- tions. What is a standard drink? pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2.htm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Long-term care costs did not include the costs of care at home or in institutions other than nursing homes, or the cost of long-term care or sequelae from very expensive alcohol-attributable traumatic injuries (i.e., spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury).31”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Healthcare costs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] 31. Kuendig H, Hasselberg M, Laflamme L, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Acute alcohol consumption and injury: risk associations and attributable fractions for different injury mechanisms. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2008;69(2):218 -26. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The total direct and indirect cost of physical inactivity was estimated to be in excess of $150 billion in 2000.23”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] 23. Smoking and tobacco use. Fast facts. Costs and expenditures. cdc.gov/ tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm#cost.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This 3% increase is far below what would be ex-pected based on population and wage growth and cost index trends and is testament to the conservative approach used in the current study to calculate the 2006 estimate.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the estimates for absenteeism were based on data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which does not use a gender-specifıc defınition of binge drinking (i.e., it uses fıve or more drinks on a single occasion to defıne binge drinking for both genders).”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study 25 of the costs of underage drinking included these costs and estimated that 67% of the total economic impact of underage drinking was due to intangible costs.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites study 25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, many subclinical cases are not recognized and their costs are not estimated.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Should a similar relationship apply here, the costs of excessive alcohol consumption estimated in the present study would have been substantially higher.”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For drinking during pregnancy, FAS costs were based on a prevalence of 1 per 1000 which was lower than estimates used in many other studies.33”
§ Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006 > Crime
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33] 33. Finkelstein EA, Corso PS, Ted R, Miller TR. Incidence and economic burden of injuries in the U.S. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Most excessive drinkers are not alcohol dependent.
“Because most excessive drinkers are not alcohol dependent and the diagnoses of alcohol dependence/alcohol abuse generally involves a history of excessive drinking over an extended period of time, these diagnoses were considered an outcome of excessive drinking and not the primary basis for assessing economic costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Binge drinking typically results in legal intoxication, defined as a blood alcohol level of at least 0.08 g/dL.
“This pattern of rapid alcohol consumption typically results in legal intoxication (i.e., a blood alcohol level of Ն0.08 g/dL).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The definition of excessive alcohol consumption used in the study is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.
“This defınition is consistent with CDC and NIAAA standards used to identify harmful patterns of alcohol consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.
“Costs related to excessive alcohol consumption may be borne by many others than those who excessively drink and their families.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Alcohol-attributable conditions are generally under-recognized and under-reported in the healthcare system.
“Alcohol-attributable conditions are generally under-recognized and under-reported in the healthcare system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Victims of alcohol-attributable violence incur higher healthcare costs and more intensive use of services than non-abused counterparts.
“Victims of such violence incur higher healthcare costs related to more-frequent visits to care providers, including visits for mental health services, and more intensive use of these services (e.g., longer length of stay when hospitalized) than their non-abused counterparts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age are associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs.
“although early-onset drinking and heavy alcohol consumption at an early age have been associated with increased negative outcomes and long-term costs”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Of these domains, the relative contribution of criminal activity to the total economic consequences of SUDs is typically the largest driver of social costs.”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery et al., 2011
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“many of these domains are featured in existing studies of the economic burden of SUDs”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery, Harwood, Sacks, Simon, & Brewer, 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The majority of CEAs, CBAs, and economic burden studies in this field estimate the economic consequences of SUDs from health care services, criminal activity, and labor market outcomes (e.g., (Bouchery et al., 2011; Ettner et al., 2006; McCollister & French, 2003; Zarkin et al., 2015)).”
From Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchery et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211
Room, R., Babor, T., & Rehm, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17870-2 · Cited by 1,625
Tanoue, L. T. (2007) · Yearbook of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0084-3873(08)70176-7 · Cited by 1,413
Task Force on Community Preventive Services
(2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151091.002.0004 · Cited by 1,162
Higher direct medical costs associated with physical inactivity
Pratt, M., Macera, C. A., & Wang, G. (2000) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2000.10.1237 · Cited by 312
Guide to Community Preventive Services
Wasserman, M. P. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00301-9 · Cited by 286
Societal costs of underage drinking
Miller, T. R., Levy, D. T., Spicer, R. S., & Taylor, D. M. (2006) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2006.67.519 · Cited by 157
Brewer, R. D. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.616 · Cited by 154
Self-citationStahre, M., Naimi, T., Brewer, R., & Holt, J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01615.x · Cited by 129
Self-citationSurvey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2004
Statistics, U. S. B. O. J. (2007) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr04572 · Cited by 112
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2004, Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost—U.S., 2001, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 53, 866
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2010 National and State Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Sacks, J. J., Gonzales, K. R., Bouchery, E. E., Tomedi, L. E., & Brewer, R. D. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.031 · Cited by 1,180
Self-citationTackling Harmful Alcohol Use: Economics and Public Health Policy
OECD (2015) · doi:10.1787/9789264181069-en · Cited by 991
Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder
Witkiewitz, K. A., Litten, R. Z., & Leggio, L. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax4043 · Cited by 629
Stahre, M. A., Roeber, J., Kanny, D., Brewer, R. D., & Zhang, X. (2014) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd11.130293 · Cited by 561
Self-citationSocial and Cultural Contexts of Alcohol Use: Influences in a Social-Ecological Framework
Sudhinaraset, M. (2016) · Alcohol Research: Current Reviews · doi:10.35946/arcr.v38.1.05 · Cited by 533
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchery, E. E., Harwood, H. J., Sacks, J. J., Simon, C. J., & Brewer, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (US)
- Lewin Group (United States) (US)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sacks, Jeffrey J.
- ORCID
- Brewer, Robert D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 516-524
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150215474
- Cited by
- 1,041
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 73.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-02-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Mathematica Policy Research Reports (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- excessive alcohol consumption, binge drinking, underage drinking, prenatal alcohol exposure, productivity loss, health care costs, property damage, alcohol-attributable fraction, government costs, alcohol-related injuries
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholic Intoxication, Costs and Cost Analysis, Crime, Humans, United States, Databases, Factual, Health Care Costs, Alcohol-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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