Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders
Open accessAbstract
Aims Estimating the economic consequences of substance use disorders (SUDs) is important for evaluating existing programs and new interventions. Policy makers in particular must weigh program effectiveness with scalability and sustainability considerations in deciding which programs to fund with limited resources. This study provides a comprehensive list of monetary conversion factors for a broad range of consequences, services, and outcomes, which can be used in economic evaluations of SUD interventions (primarily in the United States), including common co-occurring conditions such as HCV and HIV. Methods Economic measures were selected from standardized clinical assessment instruments that are used in randomized clinical trials and other research studies (e.g., quasi-experimental community-based projects) to evaluate the impact of SUD interventions. National datasets were also reviewed for additional SUD-related consequences, services, and outcomes. Monetary conversion factors were identified through a comprehensive literature review of published articles as well as targeted searches of other sources such as government reports. Results Eight service/consequence/outcome domains were identified containing more than sixty monetizable measures of medical and behavioral health services, laboratory services, SUD treatment, social services, productivity outcomes, disability outcomes, criminal activity and criminal justice services, and infectious diseases consequences. Unit-specif…
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Claims the paper makes
30 of 89 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 10 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Rape or sexual assault costs $270,352 per act.
“Violent offenses including murder, rape/sexual assault, and aggravated assault generated the highest cost-per-offense ($10.09 million, $270,352, and $120,166 per act, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
Section 5 (Results; page not provided) gives the paper’s per-offense cost for rape/sexual assault as $240,776, not $270,352. Its third sensitivity analysis gives $244,126, also not the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A day in a residential alcohol or drug treatment program costs $177.
“A day in a residential alcohol/drug treatment program costs $177.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Popovici, & Tapsell, 2008 source
Table 1 in Results §3.1 reports a mean cost of $789 per client per week for adult residential treatment, or about $113 per day, not $177. Table 2 in Results §3.2 gives an adult residential weekly cost band of $607–$918, also below $177 per day. The cited paper does not present $177 as the daily residential treatment cost. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A day of methadone or disulfiram treatment costs $24 per patient.
“A day of methadone or disulfiram treatment costs $24 per patient.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Popovici, & Tapsell, 2008 source
The Results (sections 3.1 and 3.2; page unavailable) report a mean methadone-maintenance cost of $104 per client per week and a proposed weekly cost band of $87–$112, rather than $24 per day. Our copy does not report a cost for disulfiram treatment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Aggravated assault costs $120,166 per act.
“Violent offenses including murder, rape/sexual assault, and aggravated assault generated the highest cost-per-offense ($10.09 million, $270,352, and $120,166 per act, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
The Results (section 5; page unavailable) give a total societal cost of $107,020 per aggravated assault, not $120,166. The same section reports $115,365 under an alternative sensitivity analysis, also below the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The lifetime medical cost savings from preventing one HIV infection is $389,359.
“The lifetime medical cost savings from preventing one HIV infection is estimated to be $389,359 (Schackman et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Schackman et al., 2015 source
The Results (Base case; page unavailable) estimate discounted lifetime medical savings of $229,800 from avoiding one HIV infection, not $389,359. Table 2 also gives $400,200 in undiscounted base-case savings; neither figure matches the cited amount. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Hepatitis B screening in an office setting costs $46 per patient.
“screening for hepatitis B in an office setting is $46 per patient (Eckman, Kaiser, & Sherman, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Eckman, Kaiser, & Sherman, 2011 source
The Costs section says screening costs were modeled, but the available Table 2 text does not give a readable per-patient screening price. Searches for “$46,” “office setting,” and screening cost per patient found no passage establishing the claimed amount; the totals in Table 3 include treatment and do not settle it. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
An intensive outpatient treatment visit costs $83.
“Standard and intensive outpatient treatment visits cost $31 and $83, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Popovici, & Tapsell, 2008 source
Table 1 (Results §3.1; page unavailable) reports intensive outpatient costs per client per week and per treatment episode, not per visit. Table 2 (Results §3.2; page unavailable) likewise gives weekly and episode cost bands. Searches for “$83,” “per visit,” and outpatient treatment visits found no visit-level estimate in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Robbery, arson, and motor vehicle theft have cost-per-offense between $12,095 and $47,507 per act.
“Robbery, arson, and motor vehicle theft have cost-per-offense of between $12,095 and $47,507 per act.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
The Results section reports $42,310 per robbery and $21,103 per arson, both within the claimed range. But the Discussion reports $10,772 per motor vehicle theft, below the claimed $12,095 lower bound; the paper does not give the claimed endpoints for these three offenses. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Murder has the highest cost per offense at $10.09 million.
“Violent offenses including murder, rape/sexual assault, and aggravated assault generated the highest cost-per-offense ($10.09 million, $270,352, and $120,166 per act, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
The Results section (Table 5 discussion; page unavailable) ranks murder as the highest-cost offense, supporting that part of the claim. But the paper estimates about $8.98 million per murder in 2008 dollars, not $10.09 million; its figures for rape/sexual assault and aggravated assault also differ from those in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A standard outpatient treatment visit costs $31.
“Standard and intensive outpatient treatment visits cost $31 and $83, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Popovici, & Tapsell, 2008 source
The Results (section 3.1, Table 1) report costs per client per week and per treatment episode, not per visit. The cost bands in section 3.2 (Table 2) use the same units. A search for per-visit outpatient costs found no $31 estimate, so this copy does not verify the attributed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The remaining crimes including stolen property, household burglary, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, vandalism, and larceny/theft range between $3,966 and $8,953 per act.
“The remaining crimes including stolen property, household burglary, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, vandalism, and larceny/theft ranged between $3,966 and $8,953 per act.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
The Results section reports per-offense costs for the listed crime categories, but not the claimed $3,966–$8,953 range. It gives $3,532 for larceny/theft, $6,462 for household burglary, and less than $8,000 each for stolen property, vandalism, forgery and counterfeiting, embezzlement, and fraud. The crime categories and per-act framing are supported; the numerical range is not. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The crime cost estimates are societal, representing tangible and intangible costs per offense, including victims' pain and suffering and lost productivity.
“These are societal crime cost estimates, representing the tangible and intangible costs per offense, including the value of victims' pain and suffering and lost productivity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
- Study design and conductcitation
The treatment cost estimates from French et al. (2008) are based on more than 100 studies that collected primary resource and cost data using DATCAP.
“These estimates are based on more than 100 studies that collected primary data on treatment program resources used and associated costs using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program (DATCAP) (French, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites French, Popovici, & Tapsell, 2008 source
The Introduction and Methods (pages not provided) say the cost estimates were compiled from 110 treatment programs that completed DATCAP, which collected resource-use and cost data directly from program officials. They do not say the estimates came from more than 100 studies; the claim confuses the number of programs with the number of studies. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites French, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
These QALY value ranges are higher than the UK cost-effectiveness threshold of 20,000 to 30,000 British Pounds, approximately $25,000 to $36,000 in 2016 US dollars.
“These ranges are higher than the cost effectiveness threshold in the UK, which is typically 20,000 - 30,000 British Pounds (or approximately $25,000 - $36,000 in 2016 US dollars) (Rawlins, Barnett, & Stevens, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Rawlins, Barnett, & Stevens, 2010 source
The case-by-case approach section places NICE’s cost-effectiveness decision points at around £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY, supporting the quoted pound range. It explicitly says NICE avoids an absolute threshold, and it does not provide the claimed conversion to 2016 US dollars. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The cost per criminal offense is taken from McCollister, French, and Fang (2010), which estimated the societal cost of crime for 13 unique offenses.
“The cost per criminal offense is taken from a study by McCollister, French, and Fang (2010) (McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010), which estimated the societal cost of crime for 13 unique offenses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
- Premisecitation
The majority of cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-benefit analyses, and economic burden studies in this field estimate the economic consequences of substance use disorders from health care services, criminal activity, and labor market outcomes.
“The majority of CEAs, CBAs, and economic burden studies in this field estimate the economic consequences of SUDs from health care services, criminal activity, and labor market outcomes (e.g., (Bouchery et al., 2011; Ettner et al., 2006; McCollister & French, 2003; Zarkin et al., 2015)).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductcitation
Some measures, such as substance use disorder treatment episode costs, are based on detailed micro-costing studies that most accurately reflect the opportunity cost of program resources.
“Some measures, such as SUD treatment episode costs, are based on detailed micro-costing studies that most accurately reflect the opportunity cost of program resources (Alexandre et al., 2012; Barbosa et al., 2016; Bray et al., 2012; Popovici, French, & McKay, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Alexandre et al., 2012 source
- cites Barbosa et al., 2016 source
Section 2.1 (Overview; page unavailable) describes detailed microcosting of SBIRT service-unit costs, and section 4 (Discussion; page unavailable) says the resources were valued at their opportunity cost. The paper does not estimate SUD treatment episode costs or establish that these estimates most accurately reflect the opportunity cost of program resources. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Bray et al., 2012 source
The Abstract recommends micro-costing based on detailed resource use and unit prices, which supports the methodological part of the claim. But the paper reviews alcohol screening and brief intervention costs, not SUD treatment episode costs, and the cited passages do not establish that its estimates most accurately reflect opportunity costs. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given
The second category of conversion factors values lifetime costs for chronic conditions or other health outcomes, including HIV, HCV, birth outcomes, and QALYs.
“The second category of MCFs captures lifetime costs associated with chronic conditions or other health outcomes (HIV, HCV, birth outcomes, QALYs).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
A 45-minute individual psychotherapy session with an established patient costs $90.
“A 45-minute individual psychotherapy session with an established patient is $90.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
A physical health physician visit costs between $77 for a 15-minute established-patient visit and $176 for a 45-minute new-patient visit.
“A physician visit (physical health problem) ranges from $77 for a 15-minute visit with an established patient to $176 for a 45-minute visit with a new patient.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
An emergency department visit costs $2,996 for treat-and-release care of an unintentional injury.
“The cost for an emergency department visit is $2,996, which represents the cost of “treat and release” for an unintentional injury.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The maximum selected monetary conversion factor for a urinalysis test is $80, the upper range for lab-based testing.
“The maximum is based on the upper range for lab-based testing ($80).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cost Helper Inc, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Most conversion factors value short-term economic consequences, such as units of medical or behavioral health care, criminal justice contacts, and missed work days.
“Most of the MCFs capture short-term economic consequences by valuing units of medical or behavioral health care services, contacts with the criminal justice system, days missed from work, etc.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The average mental health outpatient visit cost varies widely by patient type (new or established), visit duration, and whether medical management was provided.
“The average cost per mental health outpatient visit varies considerably depending on the type of patient (new or established), duration of visit, and whether the patient received medical management services.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Certain measures in the list, including Hepatitis B, may not be direct or immediate results of substance use or dependence.
“Although some domains include measures that are not necessarily direct or immediate consequences of substance use or dependence (e.g. Hepatitis B), we nonetheless include them here because they have been linked with SUDs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Rosenberg, Drake, Brunette, Wolford, & Marsh, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
A physician psychiatric diagnostic examination for a new patient costs $157 per visit.
“A psychiatric diagnostic examination by a physician for a new patient is $157 per visit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
For behavioral health services, a psychiatric inpatient hospital day costs $999 on average.
“For behavioral health services, the average cost per day in a psychiatric inpatient hospital is $999.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The minimum selected monetary conversion factor for a urinalysis test is $28, the average cost of an over-the-counter poly-drug testing kit.
“For the minimum value, we selected $28, the average cost of an over-the-counter poly-drug testing kit according to drugstore.com.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites drugstore.com
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
National estimates of the cost per average inpatient detoxification episode were not available.
“National estimates of the cost per average inpatient detoxification episode were unavailable”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The average inpatient hospital day costs between $1,937 at for-profit hospitals and $2,553 at non-profit hospitals.
“On average, the cost per inpatient hospital day ranges from $1,937 in a for-profit hospital to $2,553 in a non-profit hospital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The per-client cost of a group counseling session ranges from $2.38 to $9.84 across provider types, depending on provider qualifications.
“The per-client cost for a group counseling session across all types of providers ranges from $2.38 to $9.84, depending on the qualifications of the provider.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: For estimating per-client group counseling cost, the authors assumed an average of 10 participants per group therapy session.
- Findingown data
The conversion factor estimates fall into two broad categories with different analytic time horizons.
“The MCF estimates fall into two general categories with different analytic timeframes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The cost of an alcohol or other drug screen varies widely with test location, number of drugs tested, and payer.
“The average cost per alcohol or other drug screen varies widely depending on location of the test (at home, clinic, hospital), number of drugs included in the test, and payer (purchased over the counter, paid for by insurance).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cost Helper Inc, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
An individual psychotherapy session with medication management costs $116 for a 60-minute session.
“An individual psychotherapy session requiring medication management is $116 for a 60-minute session.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The value of one day of school or training is $17, calculated from an average hourly wage of $6.20, annualized, adjusted to 2016 dollars, and divided by a 180-day school year.
“To calculate the value of one day of school or training ($17), we used the average hourly wage rate in Light (2001)'s sample ($6.20), annualized and adjusted to 2016 dollars using the CPI, and divided by a 180-day school year.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Light, 2001 source
- Findingcitation
The cost per day missed working for any reason is $149, based on the average daily value of production for the U.S. non-institutional population, including work and household productivity.
“The cost per day missed working for any reason is $149, and is calculated based on the average daily value of production for the U.S. non-institutional population, including both work and household productivity (Grosse, Krueger, & Mvundura, 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grosse, Krueger, & Mvundura, 2009 source
- Findingnone given
Some outcomes, such as violent crime, occur infrequently yet have very high costs.
“An additional limitation in using MCFs is that some outcomes, such as violent crime, occur infrequently yet have very high costs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Several monetary conversion factors are based on present-value adjustments of earlier published estimates rather than recent analyses.
“Moreover, several MCFs are based on present-value adjustments of earlier published estimates rather than recent analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Most monetary conversion factors are based on aggregate sources of cost data rather than cost information differentiated by population subgroups.
“Most of the MCFs are based on aggregate sources of cost data rather than cost information differentiated by population subgroups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The average cost per day of inpatient detoxification treatment is $414, based on a statewide evaluation in Florida.
“The average cost per day of inpatient detoxification treatment was $414.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alexandre et al., 2012 source
- Premisecitation
Per-patient HIV testing cost ranges from $16 in an emergency department for a negative result to $121 in a community health clinic with pre-test counseling for a positive result.
“Per patient cost for HIV testing ranges from $16 in an emergency department (negative or nonreactive result) to $121 in a community-based health clinic with pre-test counseling (positive or reactive result) (Farnham, Hutchinson, Sansom, & Branson, 2008; Pinkerton et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The AHA provides average cost-per-hospital-day estimates by hospital ownership type: for-profit, non-profit, and state or local.
“The AHA provides estimates for the average “cost per hospital day” based on ownership status—for-profit, non-profit, and state or local hospitals (available on the Kaiser Family Foundation website).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kaiser Family Foundation, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Hepatitis B and similar measures have been linked to SUDs.
“Although some domains include measures that are not necessarily direct or immediate consequences of substance use or dependence (e.g. Hepatitis B), we nonetheless include them here because they have been linked with SUDs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Rosenberg, Drake, Brunette, Wolford, & Marsh, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Rosenberg, Drake, Brunette, Wolford, & Marsh, 2005 source
- Premisecitation
CMS provides detailed cost-per-physician-office-visit estimates for physical and mental health concerns, based on Medicare reimbursement rates for specific CPT codes.
“CMS provides detailed estimates for the “cost per physician office visit” for physical and mental health concerns based on Medicare reimbursement rates for unique Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
People with opioid use disorders have much higher prevalence of HIV and viral hepatitis than the general population.
“Among individuals with OUDs, rates of HIV and viral hepatitis are substantially higher than in the general population, implying significantly higher costs to society for individuals with these co-occurring conditions (Hagan, Pouget, & Des Jarlais, 2011; Hess, Hu, Lansky, Mermin, & Hall, 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The lifetime cost estimate for low birthweight includes medical complications from premature birth and nonmedical costs such as special education and disability payments.
“This estimate includes costs from treating medical complications resulting from premature birth and related nonmedical costs such as special education and disability payments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cutler & Meara, 1999 source
- Premisecitation
A day experiencing psychological or psychiatric problems is valued at $19.
“A day experiencing medical problems is valued at $50 and a day experiencing psychological or psychiatric problems is valued at $19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Salome, & Carney, 2002 source
- Premisecitation
The suggested monetary conversion factor per QALY is $100,000, based on current U.S. practice trends.
“Table 3 reports $100,000 as the suggested MCF per QALY based on the current trend of practice in the U.S. (Neumann, Cohen, & Weinstein, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Neumann, Cohen, & Weinstein, 2014 source
- Premisecitation
A day in detention costs $87.
“A day in detention is $87 and a day incarcerated in state prison is $95.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pew Center on the State, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kyckelhahn, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Henrichson & Delaney, 2012 source
- Premisecitation
The average cost per alcohol-involved crash involving a fatality is $11.17 million.
“Blincoe et al., (2015) estimated the average cost per alcohol-involved crash to be $3,130 without injury and $11.17 million per incident involving a fatality (Blincoe, Miller, Zaloshnja, & Lawrence, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blincoe, Miller, Zaloshnja, & Lawrence, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A day on parole costs $8.39.
“For community supervision contacts, a day on probation is estimated to cost $3.84 and a day on parole is $8.39.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pew Center on the State, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kyckelhahn, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Henrichson & Delaney, 2012 source
- Premisecitation
The cost per day of engaging in unspecified illegal activity is $1,011, based on French et al. (2002).
“The cost per day of engaging in unspecified illegal activity, a measure from the ASI, was estimated to be $1,011, based on French et al. (2002) (French, Salome, & Carney, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Salome, & Carney, 2002 source
- Premisecitation
The average cost per alcohol-involved crash is $3,130 without injury.
“Blincoe et al., (2015) estimated the average cost per alcohol-involved crash to be $3,130 without injury and $11.17 million per incident involving a fatality (Blincoe, Miller, Zaloshnja, & Lawrence, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blincoe, Miller, Zaloshnja, & Lawrence, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Studies have estimated societal willingness-to-pay per QALY ranging from $33,702 to more than $580,000.
“Several studies have estimated the societal willingness-to-pay per QALY, which ranges from $33,702 to more than $580,000 (Hirth, Chernew, Miller, Fendrick, & Weissert, 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hirth, Chernew, Miller, Fendrick, & Weissert, 2000 source
- Premisecitation
A day experiencing medical problems is valued at $50.
“A day experiencing medical problems is valued at $50 and a day experiencing psychological or psychiatric problems is valued at $19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites French, Salome, & Carney, 2002 source
- Premisecitation
The lifetime cost of a case of fetal alcohol syndrome is $1.88 million, representing the present discounted value of lifetime medical costs and productivity losses.
“A study by Lupton et al (2004) estimated the lifetime cost of a case of fetal alcohol syndrome to be $1.88 million, representing the present discounted value of lifetime medical costs and productivity losses (Lupton, Burd, & Harwood, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lupton, Burd, & Harwood, 2004 source
- Interpretationcitation
There is considerable uncertainty in the economic value per QALY.
“Considerable uncertainty is present in the economic value per QALY.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A day on probation costs $3.84.
“For community supervision contacts, a day on probation is estimated to cost $3.84 and a day on parole is $8.39.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pew Center on the State, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kyckelhahn, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Henrichson & Delaney, 2012 source
- Premisecitation
For females, the cost per STI case ranges from $247 for HPV to $804 for HSV2.
“For females, the cost per STI case ranges from $247 for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) to $804 for Herpes-Simples Virus (HSV2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Owusu-Edusei et al., 2013 source
- Premisecitation
Other estimates of lifetime HIV care cost in the U.S. range from $314,148 to $499,018, depending on time of diagnosis and entry into care.
“Other estimates reporting the lifetime cost of care for HIV infected persons in the United States range from $314,148 to $499,018, depending on time of diagnosis and entry into care (Farnham et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Farnham et al., 2013 source
- Study design and conductnone given
The selection of outcomes, consequences, and services to monetize was guided primarily by clinical assessment instruments commonly used in substance use disorder research, such as the ASI, GAIN, and PhenX Toolkit.
“The approach to selecting specific outcomes, consequences, and services to monetize was guided primarily by clinical assessment instruments commonly used in SUD research (e.g., ASI, GAIN, PhenX Toolkit).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For males, the cost per STI case ranges from $39 for Chlamydia to $985 for HSV2.
“For males, the cost per case ranges from $39 for Chlamydia to $985 for HSV2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Owusu-Edusei et al., 2013 source
- Premisecitation
Average annual health care costs for patients with chronic hepatitis B are $1,814.
“Average annual health care costs for patients infected with Hepatitis B are $1,814 for chronic hepatitis B and $27,316 for decompensated cirrhosis (Lee et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee, Veenstra, Iloeje, & Sullivan, 2004 source
- Premisecitation
Average annual health care costs for patients with decompensated cirrhosis are $27,316.
“Average annual health care costs for patients infected with Hepatitis B are $1,814 for chronic hepatitis B and $27,316 for decompensated cirrhosis (Lee et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee, Veenstra, Iloeje, & Sullivan, 2004 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Relying on aggregate data would limit the applicability of these monetary conversion factors for examining the economic consequences of substance use disorders in rural communities, among Native Americans, pregnant or parenting women, or other special populations.
“Relying on aggregate data would limit the applicability of these MCFs for examining the economic consequences of SUDs in rural communities, among Native Americans, pregnant/parenting women, or for other special populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The average cost per case of syphilis is $918 for either gender.
“The average cost per case of syphilis is $918 (either gender).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Owusu-Edusei et al., 2013 source
- Interpretationnone given
The quality and availability of data remain the primary challenges in searching for the most rigorous monetary conversion factors.
“In searching for the most rigorous MCFs, the quality and availability of data remain the primary challenges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Variation in monetary conversion factors was limited by the very small number of studies available for data abstraction, which prevented calculation of statistical inference metrics such as median, standard deviation, and interquartile ranges.
“Variation in MCFs was limited by the very small number of studies available for data abstraction, which prevented us from calculating statistical inference metrics (e.g., median, standard deviation, interquartile ranges).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The authors have limited information on potential sources of heterogeneity that would affect the utility of the monetary conversion factors for certain types of analyses.
“Similarly, we have limited information on potential sources of heterogeneity that would impact the utility of the MCFs for certain types of analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A day incarcerated in state prison costs $95.
“A day in detention is $87 and a day incarcerated in state prison is $95.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pew Center on the State, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kyckelhahn, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Henrichson & Delaney, 2012 source
- May combine two claims. 27
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe average cost of screening for alcohol use disorders is $9.22, ranging from $0.69 to $32.
“Accounting for a few outliers, the average cost of screening is $9.22, ranging from $0.69 to $32.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Bray, Zarkin, Hinde, & Mills, 2012 source
The Results (page not supplied) exclude high-cost outliers and report an average screening cost of $6.85, ranging from $0.51 to $23.99—not $9.22, ranging from $0.69 to $32. The paper uses the median, $3.80, for its summary estimate. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcross all settings, the average cost per episode of brief treatment is $31, ranging from $27 to $33 per session.
“Across all settings, the average cost per episode of brief treatment (BT) is $31, ranging from $27 to $33 per session.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Barbosa, Cowell, Landwehr, Dowd, & Bray, 2016 source
Section 3.1 (Unit costs, including Table 2) gives an average brief-treatment unit cost of $26.06 across settings, with setting-specific averages of $22.63, $27.61, and $27.94. The Discussion repeats the $26.06 overall figure. These figures do not match the claimed $31 average or $27–$33 range. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe average cost of brief intervention is $62, ranging from $4.22 to $126.
“The average cost of brief intervention is $62, ranging from $4.22 to $126.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Bray, Zarkin, Hinde, & Mills, 2012 source
The Abstract reports a median brief-intervention cost of approximately $48, not an average of $62, and a range of $3.41–$243.01, not $4.22–$126. The Results also report a median of $48.73 across the estimates in Table 2. Our copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong these domains, criminal activity typically contributes the largest share of the total economic consequences of substance use disorders and is the largest driver of social costs.
“Of these domains, the relative contribution of criminal activity to the total economic consequences of SUDs is typically the largest driver of social costs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Bouchery et al., 2011 source
The paper's Costs of crime section estimates alcohol-attributable crime at $73.3 billion, while Table 2 lists lost productivity at $161.3 billion. Crime therefore was not the largest cost driver in this study. The study also concerns excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., not substance use disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Ettner et al., 2006 source
The ‘Pre-Post Changes in the Individual Sources of Monetary Benefit’ section (Table 2; page unavailable) reports a $5,676 reduction in crime costs over nine months, larger than the $3,352 increase in earnings. That supports crime as the largest contributor to the benefits measured in this California treatment cohort, but not the broader claim that crime is typically the largest driver of the total social costs of substance use disorders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites McCollister & French, 2003 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe additional lifetime cost of an individual infected with Hepatitis C is $80,007, ranging from $58,036 to more than $90,000.
“The additional lifetime cost of an individual infected with Hepatitis C is $80,007, ranging from $58,036 to more than $90,000 (Razavi et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Razavi et al., 2013 source
The Results section estimates the lifetime cost for an individual infected in 2011 at $64,490, with a range of $46,780–$73,190 in 2011 dollars—not $80,007 with the cited range. Its estimate with medical inflation is $205,760, so that adjustment does not account for the claimed figures. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior economic-burden studies feature many of these domains, and they are viewed as key drivers of SUD social costs, including costs from alcohol use disorders and smoking.
“many of these domains are featured in existing studies of the economic burden of SUDs”
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
“and are considered the major drivers of the social costs of SUDs, including alcohol use disorders and smoking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationSeventeen screening and brief intervention studies with relevant cost information were identified, but their costing methods varied.
“Seventeen SBI studies were identified with relevant cost information, although the costing methodology varied across these studies (activity-based, non-activity based, and hybrid).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Bray, Zarkin, Hinde, & Mills, 2012 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReferral to treatment is less resource intensive than brief intervention or brief treatment, with an average cost of $12 and a range of $9.58 to $14.
“Referral to treatment is less resource intensive than BI or BT, with an average cost of $12 (range $9.58 to $14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Barbosa, Cowell, Landwehr, Dowd, & Bray, 2016 source
Section 3.1 (page unavailable) reports a lower average unit cost for referral to treatment ($7.83) than for brief intervention ($8.56) or brief treatment ($26.06). It does not support the claimed $12 average or $9.58–$14 range; its setting-specific referral costs are $8.03, $9.23, and $12.06. The Discussion also cautions that referrals were rarely observed, limiting strong conclusions about their costs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe crime cost study used national data on criminal offenses, victim losses, productivity losses, and criminal justice system expenditures and has been used in several economic evaluation studies.
“This study used national data on criminal offenses, victim losses, productivity losses, and criminal justice system expenditures and has been used in several economic evaluation studies to date.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites McCollister, French, & Fang, 2010 source
The Data and Methods sections describe using national offense and criminal-justice expenditure data, alongside sources for victim and productivity losses; the Discussion (§6.2) notes that the loss data came from several disparate sources. The Conclusion (§7) proposes using the estimates in future economic evaluations, but does not establish that this study had already been used in several such studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe paper reports unit-specific monetary conversion factors and, where possible, upper and lower bounds.
“Unit-specific monetary conversion factors are reported, along with upper and lower bound estimates, whenever possible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe chosen monetary conversion factor for a urinalysis test for alcohol and other drug use is $65, the mean of lab-based costs from $50 to $80.
“we selected a cost per urinalysis test for alcohol and other drug use of $65, reflecting the mean for lab-based costs ranging from $50 - $80.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe review identified eight broad domains of SUD-related services, consequences, and outcomes, with more than sixty monetizable measures.
“Eight service/consequence/outcome domains were identified containing more than sixty monetizable measures of medical and behavioral health services, laboratory services, SUD treatment, social services, productivity outcomes, disability outcomes, criminal activity and criminal justice services, and infectious diseases consequences.”
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
“we categorized them into eight broad domains: (1) medical and behavioral health services, (2) laboratory services, (3) substance use disorder treatment, (4) social services, (5) productivity outcomes, (6) disability outcomes, (7) criminal activity and criminal justice services, and (8) infectious diseases consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe measures include units of service, such as a treatment day or episode, and laboratory products, such as drug and alcohol urinalysis and HIV testing.
“Measures include units of service, such as a day or episode of treatment, as well as laboratory products, such as urinalysis screening for drugs and alcohol and HIV testing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNonviolent crimes such as theft or household burglary may also generate intangible costs to crime victims, but the authors were not able to estimate this component with existing data sources.
“Nonviolent crimes such as theft or household burglary may also generate intangible costs to crime victims, but we were not able to estimate this component with existing data sources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenHIV and HCV measures represent a lifetime perspective on costs, whereas other measures such as a day on probation or a day missed from work represent short-term costs.
“HIV and HCV measures, for instance, represent a lifetime perspective on costs, whereas other measures (e.g., day on probation, day missed work) represent short-term costs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe authors conducted a comprehensive literature review and targeted searches to find economic data for the conversion factors.
“A comprehensive literature review and targeted searches of sources were conducted to identify economic data for the MCFs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningBecause of these factors, Hepatitis B may cost more or less than the reported value.
“Depending on these factors, Hepatitis B may be more or less expensive than the reported value.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisereasoningThose AHA estimates are based on CCR-adjusted inpatient charges per day.
“These estimates are based on CCR-adjusted hospital charges per inpatient day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisereasoningLifetime Hepatitis B treatment costs vary with patient age, comorbidities, and how the patient responds to first-line therapy.
“For example, the estimated lifetime cost of Hepatitis B treatment will depend on a number of factors such as age of the patient, existing comorbidities, and response to first line treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFor converting expenditures across years, the GDP deflator and PCE-Health index are considered preferable to the CPI, as they reflect different inflation rates for health and non-health spending, among other considerations.
“These tools for normalizing expenditures from different years are considered superior to the consumer price index (CPI), as they take into account different rates of inflation between health and non-health expenditures, among other factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dunn, Grosse, & Zuvekas, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningMonetary conversion factors are required to value the economic consequences and costs of services across different measures.
“Monetary conversion factors (MCFs), sometimes referred to as unit prices or unit costs, are necessary for estimating the economic consequences and costs of services across these disparate measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningShort-term estimates reflect an intervention's immediate impact and match outcome data collected during post-intervention follow-up, such as up to five years.
“The short-term estimates represent the immediate impact of an intervention and align well with outcome data being collected within a post-intervention follow-up assessment (e.g., up to 5 years, although the vast majority of SUD research studies do not extend data collection beyond a 1 or 2 year follow up).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Most SUD research studies do not collect outcome data beyond one or two years.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThis emergency department estimate would be much higher for a more serious admission requiring hospitalization and including patient productivity losses.
“This estimate would be much higher for a more serious emergency department admission resulting in hospitalization and including patient productivity losses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe group counseling cost estimate includes only personnel costs, because the authors lacked information on office lease rates and administrative expenses.
“We did not have information on office lease rates or administrative expenses for group counseling services, so this estimate represents only personnel costs of conducting group counseling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe authors state that their list of measures and conversion factors is not exhaustive and is intended to supplement SUD research using standard variables.
“This implies that the list of measures and MCFs is not exhaustive, but instead is meant to complement SUD-related research studies using a standard set of variables.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFor conversion factor selection, the authors prioritized US nationally representative data, multi-site randomized trials, and micro-costing studies.
“In our selection of MCFs, we specifically sought data from US nationally representative sources, multi-site randomized controlled trials, or micro-costing studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAcross all domains, the search found 17,653 studies, and the authors extracted cost estimates from 34 studies plus online sources.
“A total of 17,653 studies were identified across all domains and cost estimates were abstracted from 34 studies and online sources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisereasoningThe CMS estimates rely on Medicare relative value units, which include physician time, practice expenses, and malpractice insurance.
“The CMS cost estimates are based on Medicare's relative value units (RVUs), which incorporate physician time, practice expenses, and malpractice insurance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe average cost per homeless shelter day is $36, ranging from $14 to $68.
“The average cost per homeless shelter day is $36, ranging from $14 to $68 (The Lewin Group, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites The Lewin Group, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe monetary conversion factors for a day with medical, psychological, or psychiatric problems are derived using DATCAP and ASI measures, drawing on value-of-statistical-life and QALY literature with a VSL of $1 million.
“These MCFs draw from the literature on the value of a statistical life (VSL) (Viscusi & Aldy, 2003) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (Mehrez & Gafni, 1989) to project the cost per one-unit decrement in a quality-adjusted life-day based on a VSL of $1 million.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe lifetime cost per case of a low birthweight infant is $173,001.
“Cutler and Meara (1999) estimated the lifetime cost per case of a low birthweight infant to be $173,001 (Cutler & Meara, 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cutler & Meara, 1999 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe average cost per day in foster care, a group home, or as a ward of the state is $23, ranging from $15 in Alaska to more than $29 in Maryland.
“The average cost per day in foster care, a group home, or as a ward of the state is $23, ranging from $15 per day in Alaska to more than $29 per day in Maryland (DeVooght & Blazey, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DeVooght & Blazey, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOther estimates place the value per QALY at approximately $100,000 to $300,000 based on trends in healthcare spending and population health gains.
“Others have estimated a range of approximately $100,000-$300,000 based on trends in healthcare spending and population health gains (Braithwaite, Meltzer, King, Leslie, & Roberts, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Braithwaite, Meltzer, King, Leslie, & Roberts, 2008 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIncarceration costs include operating costs such as salaries, benefits, contracted services, supplies, facilities, healthcare and other inmate services, as well as capital expenditures.
“Incarceration costs (jail/detention or prisons) include operating costs (salaries, benefits, contracted services, supplies, facilities costs, healthcare and other services for inmates) as well as capital expenditures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pew Center on the State, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kyckelhahn, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Henrichson & Delaney, 2012 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningLong-term costs have more uncertainty, which can cause considerable variation in total cost estimates.
“However, long-term costs have more uncertainty and this can cause considerable variation in total cost estimates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThis study provides an updated and standardized source of information on the economic consequences of substance use disorders to facilitate future cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of interventions targeting substance use disorders and other risky behaviors in the US.
“This study provides an updated and standardized source of information on the economic consequences of SUDs to facilitate future cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of interventions targeting SUDs and other risky behaviors in the US.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMonetizing reductions in rare yet costly events tends to skew the distribution of total social costs and introduces statistical challenges in estimating cost-effectiveness ratios or net economic benefits.
“Monetizing reductions in these rare yet costly events tend to skew the distribution of total social costs and introduces a number of statistical challenges in estimating cost-effectiveness ratios or net economic benefits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe variety of domains and measures considered allows analyses to be framed from different perspectives, such as the criminal justice system, insurance payer, or treatment provider.
“The variety of domains and measures considered here allows for the framing of analyses from different perspectives (e.g., criminal justice system, insurance payer, treatment provider).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMicro-costing is the recommended approach in the Second Panel on Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine and in the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards.
“This is the recommended approach highlighted in the Second Panel on Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (Neumann et al., 2017) as well as in the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) (Husereau et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Neumann et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Husereau et al., 2013 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenHealth services costs are based on national reimbursement rates or adjusted hospital charges, which may not accurately represent actual costs of service delivery.
“Health services costs, on the other hand, are based on national reimbursement rates or adjusted hospital charges, which may not accurately represent actual costs of service delivery.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe authors believe these monetary conversion factors are the current state of the science for estimating economic consequences.
“Nonetheless, we have attempted to select high quality information based upon the best available data sources and believe that these MCFs are the “current state of the science” for estimating economic consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIf an act does not result in an arrest or other contact with the criminal justice system, the associated societal costs of the individual transaction are minimal.
“if an act does not result in an arrest or other contact with the criminal justice system, the associated societal costs of the individual transaction is minimal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenThis review and cost-compilation study provides a current, comprehensive, and standardized source of monetary conversion factors for estimating the economic consequences of substance use disorders in the US.
“This review and cost-compilation study offers an important contribution to the economic evaluation literature by providing a current, comprehensive, and standardized source of MCFs for estimating the economic consequences of substance use disorders in the US.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe monetary conversion factors can be used outside substance use disorder treatment evaluations to estimate the economic consequences of crime prevention programs, school-based delinquency interventions, and prevention programs targeting risky behaviors.
“The estimates can also be used outside of SUD treatment evaluations to estimate the economic consequences of crime prevention programs, school-based delinquency interventions, and prevention programs targeting risky behaviors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
For estimating per-client group counseling cost, the authors assumed an average of 10 participants per group therapy session.
“we made an assumption about the average number of clients attending a group therapy session. The website psychologistanywhereanytime.com reports that the average group therapy session has 5-10 participants. We selected an average of 10 participants per group session”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most SUD research studies do not collect outcome data beyond one or two years.
“although the vast majority of SUD research studies do not extend data collection beyond a 1 or 2 year follow up”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most economic evaluations of substance use disorder interventions will include at least some of the outcomes covered by the monetary conversion factors.
“Most economic evaluations of SUD interventions will have at least a subset of these outcomes.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
School-day value uses a different inflation index from the stated method
MinorThe methods say all non-health estimates were converted to 2016 dollars with the GDP deflator. The calculation of the school-day value instead says it used the CPI.
“To calculate the value of one day of school or training ($17), we used the average hourly wage rate in Light (2001)'s sample ($6.20), annualized and adjusted to 2016 dollars using the CPI, and divided by a 180-day school year.”
“Once we identified the available MCFs for each measure, we converted all estimates into 2016 dollars using the GDP deflator (for non-health outcomes) or Personal Consumption Expenditures – Health Care (PCE-Health) index (for medical expenditures) (Dunn, Grosse, & Zuvekas, 2016).”
School-day value uses a different inflation index than the stated method
MinorThe methods say all estimates were converted to 2016 dollars using either the GDP deflator or the PCE-Health index. The school-day estimate is instead described as adjusted using the CPI.
“Once we identified the available MCFs for each measure, we converted all estimates into 2016 dollars using the GDP deflator (for non-health outcomes) or Personal Consumption Expenditures – Health Care (PCE-Health) index (for medical expenditures)”
“To calculate the value of one day of school or training ($17), we used the average hourly wage rate in Light (2001)'s sample ($6.20), annualized and adjusted to 2016 dollars using the CPI, and divided by a 180-day school year.”
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Sanders, G. D., Neumann, P. J., Basu, A., Brock, D. W., Feeny, D., Krahn, M., Kuntz, K. M., Meltzer, D. O., Owens, D. K., Prosser, L. A., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12195 · Cited by 3,069 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundUpdating cost-effectiveness—the curious resilience of the $50,000-per-QALY threshold
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“In addition, many of these domains are featured in existing studies of the economic burden of SUDs (Bouchery, Harwood, Sacks, Simon, & Brewer, 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Nicosia, Pacula, Kilmer, Lundberg, & Chiesa, 2009; Sacks, Gonzales, Bouchery, Tomedi, & Brewer, 2015; US Department of Justice…”
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The PhenX Toolkit: get the most from your measures
Hamilton, C. M., Strader, L. C., Pratt, J. G., Maiese, D., Hendershot, T., Kwok, R. K., Hammond, J. A., Huggins, W., Jackman, D., Pan, H., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr193 · Cited by 889 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Five assessment instrumentswere examined in detail: theGlobal Assessment of Individual Needs (GAIN) (Dennis, Titus, White, Unsicker, & Hodgkins, 2008), the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (McLellan et al., 1992), Nonmedical Services (NMS) (Chandler et al., 2015), EconForm 90 (Bray et al., 2007), and the Phenx Toolkit (…”
Willingness to Pay for a Quality-adjusted Life Year: In Search of a Standard
Hirth, R. A., Chernew, M. E., Miller, E., Fendrick, A. M., & Weissert, W. G. (2000) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x0002000310 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) statement
Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., & Loder, E. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.02.010 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Woltmann, E., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Perron, B., Georges, H., Kilbourne, A. M., & Bauer, M. S. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11111616 · Cited by 603 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the streams of costs and benefits are likely to be quite different from conventional programs that operate more independently as silos of behavioral health care (Buntin, Burke, Hoaglin, & Blumenthal, 2011; Hutubessy et al., 2002; Mechanic, 2012; Torres-Edejer et al., 2003; Woltmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation
McCollister, K. E., French, M. T., & Fang, H. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.002 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Self-citationBraithwaite, R. S., Meltzer, D. O., King, J. T., Leslie, D., & Roberts, M. S. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31815c31a7 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Dunn, A., Grosse, S. D., & Zuvekas, S. H. (2018) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12612 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden and cost in the United States
Razavi, H., ElKhoury, A. C., Elbasha, E., Estes, C., Pasini, K., Poynard, T., & Kumar, R. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26218 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Quality-adjusted life years, utility theory, and healthy-years equivalents
Mehrez, A., & Gafni, A. (1989) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x8900900209 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Owusu-Edusei, K., Chesson, H. W., Gift, T. L., Tao, G., Mahajan, R., Ocfemia, M. C. B., & Kent, C. K. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318285c6d2 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and the Consistency of Decision Making
George, B., Harris, A., & Mitchell, A. S. (2001) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200119110-00004 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States
Hess, K. L., Hu, X., Lansky, A., Mermin, J., & Hall, H. I. (2017) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Lupton, C., Burd, L., & Harwood, R. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30015 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Hagan, H., Pouget, E. R., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir196 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010 (Revised)1
(2015) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.06.011 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Mechanic, D. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 · Cited by 235 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the streams of costs and benefits are likely to be quite different from conventional programs that operate more independently as silos of behavioral health care (Buntin, Burke, Hoaglin, & Blumenthal, 2011; Hutubessy et al., 2002; Mechanic, 2012; Torres-Edejer et al., 2003; Woltmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChantala, K., & Tabor, J. W. (2010) · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Lifetime Medical Expenditures
Hodgson, T. A. (1992) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350086 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
In-school work experience and the returns to schooling
Light, A. (2001) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/209980 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers
Henrichson, C., & Delaney, R. (2012) · Federal Sentencing Reporter · doi:10.1525/fsr.2012.25.1.68 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Ettner, S. L., Huang, D., Evans, E., Rose Ash, D., Hardy, M., Jourabchi, M., & Hser, Y. (2006) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00466.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Pharmacoeconomics: NICE's approach to decision-making
Rawlins, M., Barnett, D., & Stevens, A. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03589.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Farnham, P. G., Gopalappa, C., Sansom, S. L., Hutchinson, A. B., Brooks, J. T., Weidle, P. J., Marconi, V. C., & Rimland, D. (2013) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3182973966 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The lifetime medical cost savings from preventing HIV in the United States
Schackman, B. R., Fleishman, J. A., Su, A. E., Berkowitz, B. K., Moore, R. D., Walensky, R. P., Becker, J. E., Voss, C., Paltiel, A. D., Weinstein, M. C., et al. (2015) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000308 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-effectiveness of Screening for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in the United States
Eckman, M. H., Talal, A. H., Gordon, S. C., Schiff, E. R., & Sherman, K. E. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit069 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
French, M. T., Salomé, H. J., Sindelar, J. L., & McLellan, A. T. (2002) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.031 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationEconomic Productivity by Age and Sex: 2007 Estimates for the United States
Grosse, S. D., Krueger, K. V., & Mvundura, M. (2009) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31819c9571 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
McCollister, K. E., & French, M. T. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00541.x · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…produced a number of CEAs and cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), which largely show support for SUD interventions, especially those that reduce criminal activity along with substance use (Ettner et al., 2006; French, Salome, Sindelar, & McLellan, 2002; McCollister & French, 2003; Zarkin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZarkin, G. A., Dunlap, L. J., & Homsi, G. (2004) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2003.09.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Rosenberg, S. D., Drake, R. E., Brunette, M. F., Wolford, G. L., & Marsh, B. J. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000192067.94033.aa · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Generalised cost-effectiveness analysis: an aid to decision making in health.
Hutubessy, R. C. W., Baltussen, R. M. P. M., Edejer, T. T.-T., & EVANS, D. B. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 85 · see citing works
French, M. T., Popovici, I., & Tapsell, L. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.12.008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationChandler, R. K., Kahana, S. Y., Fletcher, B. W., Jones, D. J., Finger, M. S., Aklin, W. M., Hamill, K., & Webb, C. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302788 · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(GAIN) (Dennis, Titus, White, Unsicker, & Hodgkins, 2008), the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (McLellan et al., 1992), Nonmedical Services (NMS) (Chandler et al., 2015), EconForm 90 (Bray et al., 2007), and the Phenx Toolkit (Hamilton et al., 2011), all of which are frequently used in…”
BackgroundThe cost-effectiveness of screening for chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States
Eckman, M. H., Kaiser, T. E., & Sherman, K. E. (2011) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir199 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Technology of Birth: Is it Worth it?
Cutler, D., & Meara, E. R. (1999) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7390 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Economic Cost of Methamphetamine Use in the United States, 2005
Nicosia, N., Pacula, R., Kilmer, B., Lundberg, R., & Chiesa, J. (2009) · doi:10.7249/mg829 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Comparing the costs of HIV screening strategies and technologies in health-care settings
Farnham, P. G., Hutchinson, A. B., Sansom, S. L., & Branson, B. M. (2008) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549081230s307 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
French, M. T., Salomé, H. J., & Carney, M. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00060-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBenefit-Cost Analysis of Residential and Outpatient Addiction Treatment in the State of Washington
French, M. T., Salomé, H. J., Krupski, A., McKay, J. R., Donovan, D. M., McLellan, A. T., & Durell, J. (2000) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x0002400603 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationThe costs of drug abuse consequences: A summary of research findings
French, M. T., & Martin, R. F. (1996) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(96)00128-6 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We build on a previous study by French and Martin (1996), now more than two decades old, to present an updated set of measures and MCFs that can be used in a variety of program and policy evaluations.”
MethodSelf-citationCost of chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States
Lee, T. A., Veenstra, D. L., Iloeje, U. H., & Sullivan, S. D. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200411003-00005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Measuring Economic Outcomes of Alcohol Treatment Using the Economic Form 90*
Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Miller, W. R., Mitra, D., Kivlahan, D. R., Martin, D. J., Couper, D. J., & Cisler, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.248 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…& Hodgkins, 2008), the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (McLellan et al., 1992), Nonmedical Services (NMS) (Chandler et al., 2015), EconForm 90 (Bray et al., 2007), and the Phenx Toolkit (Hamilton et al., 2011), all of which are frequently used in randomized clinical trials and other research…”
MethodMedicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data
(2018) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Costs of alcohol screening and brief intervention in medical settings: A review of the literature
Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Hinde, J. M., & Mills, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.911 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lifetime Benefits and Costs of Diverting Substance-Abusing Offenders From State Prison
Zarkin, G. A., Cowell, A. J., Hicks, K. A., Mills, M. J., Belenko, S. R., Dunlap, L. J., & Keyes, V. (2012) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128712461904 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…produced a number of CEAs and cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), which largely show support for SUD interventions, especially those that reduce criminal activity along with substance use (Ettner et al., 2006; French, Salome, Sindelar, & McLellan, 2002; McCollister & French, 2003; Zarkin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEconomic Evaluation of Continuing Care Interventions in the Treatment of Substance Abuse
Popovici, I., French, M. T., & McKay, J. R. (2008) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x08316311 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationCost of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in health care settings
Barbosa, C., Cowell, A. J., Landwehr, J., Dowd, W., & Bray, J. W. (2016) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.06.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cost of rapid HIV testing at 45 U.S. hospitals
Pinkerton, S. D., Bogart, L. M., Howerton, D., Snyder, S., Becker, K., & Asch, S. M. (2010) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0348 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The technology of birth: Is it worth it?
Cutler, D. M., & Meara, E. (2000) · NBER/Frontiers in Health Policy Research · doi:10.1162/109623100300091069 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Consequences and Costs of Closing a Publicly Funded Methadone Maintenance Clinic
Alexandre, P. K., Salomé, H. J., French, M. T., Rivers, J. E., & McCoy, C. B. (2002) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1540-6237.00098 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Opioid Epidemic: AMA's response.
Harris, P. A. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Economic Cost of Substance Abuse Treatment in the State of Florida
Alexandre, P. K., Beulaygue, I. C., French, M. T., McCollister, K. E., Popovici, I., & Sayed, B. A. (2012) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x12450164 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Multicriteria analysis of seawater electrolysis technologies for green hydrogen production at sea
d’Amore-Domenech, R., Santiago, Ó., & Leo, T. J. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110166 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Developing a dynamic HIV transmission model for 6 U.S. cities: An evidence synthesis
Krebs, E., Enns, B., Wang, L., Zang, X., Panagiotoglou, D., del Rı́o, C., Dombrowski, J. C., Feaster, D. J., Golden, M. R., Granich, R., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217559 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“For unit costs of individual health care components, we selected Medicaid physician fee schedules [137], prescription drug costs from national FSS price schedules [138], costs of diagnostic testing [139], and cost estimates for emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations [140] (S2 Supplement Tables C5.”
MethodSelf-citationMassachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN)
Evans, E., Stopka, T. J., Pivovarova, E., Murphy, S. M., Taxman, F. S., Ferguson, W. J., Bernson, D., Santelices, C., McCollister, K. E., Hoskinson, R. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108275 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationInterventions for drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems
Perry, A., James, M. M., Burns, L., Hewitt, C. E., Glanville, J., Aboaja, A. M., Thakkar, P. B., Kumar, K. M. S., Pearson, C., Wright, K. E., et al. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010901.pub3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wang, W., Lowe, N. G., Jalali, A., & Murphy, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2020.1858581 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pasman, E., Blair, L., Solberg, M. A., McCabe, S. E., Schepis, T., & Resko, S. M. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100279 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition to these human costs, the economic cost of SUD exceeds $700 billion annually in healthcare, social service, criminal/legal, and reduced productivity (McCollister et al., 2017).”
BackgroundScott, C. K., Dennis, M. L., Grella, C. E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108245 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Aldridge, A., Barbosa, C., Barocas, J. A., Bush, J. L., Chhatwal, J., Harlow, K. J., Hyder, A., Linas, B. P., McCollister, K. E., Morgan, J. R., et al. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108336 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGutkind, S., Schackman, B. R., Morgan, J. R., Leff, J. A., Agyemang, L. S., Murphy, S. M., Akiyama, M. J., Norton, B. L., Litwin, A. H., & Linas, B. P. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz384 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Unit costs associated with participantreported outpatient and inpatient services outside of the study, criminal justice activities, and incarceration were estimated using recently published monetary conversion factors for substance use disorder treatment interventions (Supplementary Table 2) [34].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMethadone, Buprenorphine, or Detoxification for Management of Perinatal Opioid Use Disorder
Premkumar, A., Grobman, W. A., Terplan, M., & Miller, E. S. (2019) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003503 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Surratt, H. L., Otachi, J. K., Williams, T., Gulley, J., Lockard, A. S., & Rains, R. (2020) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12388 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Interventions for female drug-using offenders
Perry, A., James, M. M., Burns, L., Hewitt, C. E., Glanville, J., Aboaja, A. M., Thakkar, P. B., Kumar, K. M. S., Pearson, C., & Wright, K. E. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010910.pub3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Local Access to Mental Healthcare and Crime
Deza, M., Maclean, J. C., & Solomon, K. T. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27619 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“For instance, the value of one averted murder, rape, aggregated assault, and robbery are estimated to be as high as $10,920,120; $292,781; $130,135; and $51,448 (McCollister et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCost and cost-effectiveness of interim methadone treatment and patient navigation initiated in jail
Zarkin, G. A., Orme, S., Dunlap, L. J., Kelly, S. M., Mitchell, S. G., O’Grady, K. E., & Schwartz, R. P. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108292 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centers and Residential Property Values
Horn, B. P., Joshi, A., & Maclean, J. C. (2020) · American Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1086/713033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, legal system, health-care costs) of one murder are very high: $11 million (McCollister et al. 2017).”
BackgroundJunyue, J., Chen, S., Wang, X., Qinge, X., Zeng, J., Li-ming, L., & Guohua, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722240 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cost and cost-effectiveness of abstinence contingent wage supplements
Orme, S., Zarkin, G. A., Luckey, J., Dunlap, L. J., Novak, M. D., Holtyn, A. F., Toegel, F., & Silverman, K. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109754 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nordeck, C. D., Welsh, C., Schwartz, R. P., Mitchell, S. G., O’Grady, K. E., Dunlap, L. J., Zarkin, G. A., Orme, S., & Gryczynski, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20200013 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The unit costs for monetizing healthcare use were drawn from the literature and public data sources [52].”
MethodCost and Cost-Effectiveness of Incentives for Viral Suppression in People Living with HIV
Dunlap, L. J., Orme, S., Zarkin, G. A., et al. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03439-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Unit costs for health care utilization and ART medications were obtained from the literature [18, 19].”
MethodBaumer, P. C., Dennis, M. L., & Estrada, B. D. (2018) · Issues in children's and families' lives · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90611-9_4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cerdá, M., Allen, B. L., Collins, A. B., Behrends, C. N., Santacatterina, M., Jent, V. A., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01211-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Economics and Public Health: Two Perspectives on Firearm Injury Prevention
Glasser, N. J., Pollack, H. A., Ranney, M. L., & Betz, M. E. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231168738 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The same approaches have also been used to document the way low-social-cost offenses (McCollister et al. 2017) can result in significant, oftenexcessive sentences, for example, minor property crimes committed by chronic”
BackgroundInfluentialMothers’ Experiences of Navigating the Sud Treatment System with Their Young Adult Child
D’Aniello, C., Tambling, R. R., Russell, B. S., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2020.1858368 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in the costs of medical care among people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States
Enns, B., Krebs, E., Mathews, W. C., Moore, R. D., Gebo, K. A., & Nosyk, B. (2019) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002220 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Orme, S., Zarkin, G. A., Dunlap, L. J., et al. (2022) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001743 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Papp, M. A., Leff, J. A., Murphy, S. M., et al. (2021) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00356-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[17], to value days experiencing alchohol or drug problems.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCapturing the Invisible Wealth in Nonprofits to Overcome Myopic Perceptions
Fuertes, I. F., Semper, J. D. C., & García, I. J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Without accounting for the rest of the direct social costs established by the literature, such as police costs, judicial costs or property damage [23,27,29], the savings generated have been calculated on the basis of the average daily cost of a prison inmate [11,49].”
BackgroundVining, A. R., & Weimer, D. L. (2019) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci9040081 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barbosa, C., Wedehase, B. J., Dunlap, L. J., Mitchell, S. G., Dušek, K., Schwartz, R. P., Gryzcynski, J., Kirk, A. S., Oros, M. T., Hosler, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.447 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Recent studies have focused on the costs incurred after SBIRT is implemented (Barbosa et al., 2016; Bray et al., 2012, 2014; Horn et al., 2017; McCollister et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRough, M. I., & Nader, M. A. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hofer, M. S., Lu, T. T., Bailey, K., Aldridge, A., Grommon, E. L., Lowder, E. M., & Ray, B. R. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rough, M. I., Roberts, B. F., & Nader, M. A. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174113 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Health care use and cost of treatment for adolescents and young adults with opioid use disorder
Orme, S., Zarkin, G. A., Dunlap, L. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209137 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Five-year budget impact of a prescription digital therapeutic for patients with opioid use disorder
Velez, F. F., Huang, D., Mody, L., & Malone, D. C. (2021) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1080/14737167.2022.2016396 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Buprenorphine $419 [34] $419 [34] Patient cost-share $10 Average cost-share amount at tier 1 for 4-tier copay designs, rounded to the nearest $5 [31] $10 Average cost-share amount at tier 1 for 4-tier copay designs, rounded to the nearest $5 [31] Counseling session $276 [31, 40, 44] $552 [31, 40] Units 3 [42] 6 [42] U…”
BackgroundOrme, S., Zarkin, G. A., Dunlap, L. J., Luckey, J., Toegel, F., Novak, M. D., Holtyn, A. F., & Silverman, K. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2024.209569 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Dehydroepiandrosterone and Addiction
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Economic Methods Used to Evaluate Recovery Programs for Alcohol Use Disorder
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Self-citation
- Authors
- McCollister, K., Yang, X., Sayed, B., French, M. T., Leff, J. A., & Schackman, B. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCollister, Kathryn
- Yang, Xuan
- Sayed, Bisma
- French, Michael T.
- Leff, Jared A.
- Schackman, Bruce R.
- Venue
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 81
- Pages
- 25-34
- ISSN
- 0740-5472 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5654317
- OpenAlex
- W2735354337
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 10.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA040500, R01DA035808)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
- Keywords
- substance use disorders, economic evaluation, cost estimation, health care costs, productivity loss, disability costs, criminal justice costs, HIV, hepatitis C, co-occurring disorders, social services, treatment costs
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Communicable Diseases, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Health Services, Humans, Male, Substance-Related Disorders
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