The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It may also partly explain why immunosuppressive therapies have thus far had little or no effect on disability accumulation in progressive MS trials4.”
From Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved prognosis for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), effective treatments for the progressive, neurodegenerative phase are lacking.”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Most DMTs are approved for treatment of relapsing MS (RMS) [17], a smaller number have shown benefit in some SPMS populations [19, 22, 23], but only one DMT has shown efficacy for treatment of PPMS, underlining the unmet need of treatment options for these patients [20] (Table 2).”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For example, IFN-γ has been proposed to play both stimulatory and suppressive roles in cancer, and type I IFNs are used both as an immunosuppressant to treat multiple sclerosis and as immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments for cancer (for example melanoma) and chronic viral infection (for example HCV)48–50.”
From Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167
New Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
LUBLIN, F. D. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000367614 · Cited by 4,277
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Polman, C. H., O'Connor, P. W., Havrdová, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Miller, D. H., Phillips, J. T., LUBLIN, F. D., Giovannoni, G., Wajgt, A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044397 · Cited by 3,433
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J. S., Balcer, L. J., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000560 · Cited by 3,177
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Kappos, L., Radue, E. W., O'Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Hohlfeld, R., Calabresi, P. A., Selmaj, K. W., Agoropoulou, C., Leyk, M., Zhang-Auberson, L., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909494 · Cited by 2,670
Intramuscular interferon beta‐1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Jacobs, L. D., Cookfair, D. L., Rudick, R. A., Herndon, R. M., Richert, J. R., Salazar, A. Μ., Fischer, J. S., Goodkin, D. E., Granger, C. V., Simon, J. H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390304 · Cited by 2,446
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
Self-citationOral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Cohen, J. A., Barkhof, F., Comı, G., Hartung, H., Khatri, B. O., Montalbán, X., Pelletier, J., Capra, R., Gallo, P., Izquierdo, G., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907839 · Cited by 2,220
Ebers, G. C. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03334-0 · Cited by 2,144
Interferon beta‐1b is effective in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.4.655 · Cited by 2,085
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Benkert, P., Meier, S., Schaedelin, S., Manouchehrinia, A., Yaldizli, Ö., Maceski, A., Oechtering, J., Achtnichts, L., Conen, D., Derfuss, T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00009-6 · Cited by 657
Teleanu, R. I., Niculescu, A.-G., Roza, E., Vladâcenco, O. A., Grumezescu, A. M., & Teleanu, D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115954 · Cited by 659
Benkert, P., Meier, S., Schaedelin, S. A., Manouchehrinia, A., Yaldizli, Ö., Maceski, A. M., Oechtering, J., Achtnichts, L., Conen, D., Derfuss, T. J., et al. (2022) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · doi:10.48350/165754 · Cited by 458
Hohlfeld, R. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.5.865 · Cited by 363
The Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis
Murúa, S. R., Farez, M., & Quintana, F. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-052920-040318 · Cited by 378
Metadata
- Authors
- Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hauser, Stephen L.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1380-1390.e2
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7704606
- OpenAlex
- W3042308502
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis
- Roche
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
- TG Therapeutics
- Valhalla Foundation
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
