Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Review of an Innovation in Diabetes Management
Abstract
Most continuous glucose monitors (CGM) provide interstitial fluid glucose trends, which reflect blood glucose trends with alarms and alerts to prevent hypoglycemia and provide better glycemic control. CGM used in conjunction with insulin pumps has changed the management of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, mainly type 1 diabetes. CGM technology prevents the need for frequent blood glucose testing, which is often cumbersome for patients, providing them with a better alternative. CGM technology is underprescribed and therefore advantage should be taken of this technology to provide better hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) control and decrease incidence of diabetic complications. CGM is particularly useful in patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and nocturnal hypoglycemia. CGM is currently not approved in pregnant patients, in critically ill patients and patients on dialysis. Research suggests that the benefits certainly outweigh the limitations of this technology. This review article focuses on the technical and clinical use of continuous glucose monitoring and sensor-integrated pump technology.
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Continuous glucose monitors such as Dexcom G6 and Abbott FreeStyle Libre continuously measure interstitial glucose levels and use AI algorithms to predict blood sugar trends, allowing users to take preventative action to avoid hypo- or hyperglycemia.
“For example, CGMs such as the Dexcom G6 and Abbott FreeStyle Libre continuously measured interstitial glucose levels and use AI algorithms to predict blood sugar trends, allowing users to take preventative action to avoid hypo- or hyperglycemia (39,40).”
From Generative artificial intelligence in predictive analysis of diabetes and its complications: a narrative review (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
Yoo, H. J., An, H. G., Park, S. Y., Ryu, O. H., Kim, H. Y., Seo, J. A., Hong, E. G., Shin, D. H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, S. G., et al. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.06.015 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
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Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the evidence in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
Lin, R., Brown, F., James, S., Jones, J., & Ekinci, E. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14528 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors
Vettoretti, M., Cappon, G., Facchinetti, A., & Sparacino, G. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20143870 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Sharing patient-generated data with healthcare providers: findings from a 2019 national survey
Turner, K., Jo, A., Wei, G., Tabriz, A. A., Clary, A., & Jim, H. S. L. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa272 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Benefits and limitations of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes
Stone, J. Y., & Bailey, T. S. (2020) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1706482 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Osonuga, A., Olawade, D. B., Gore, M., Rotifa, O. B., Egbon, E., Chinwah, V., & Boussios, S. (2025) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-25-62 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mian, Z., Hermayer, K. L., & Jenkins, A.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hermayer, Kathie L.
- ORCID
- Jenkins, Alicia
- Venue
- The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 332-339
- ISSN
- 0002-9629 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2959616026
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of the Medical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical University of South Carolina
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, insulin pump therapy, sensor-augmented pump, hypoglycemia prevention, hypoglycemia unawareness, nocturnal hypoglycemia, glycemic control, HbA1c, diabetes complications
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Patient Care Management, Infusion Pumps, Implantable, Risk Assessment
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