Effects of Extreme Weather on Health in Underserved Communities
Open accessAbstract
Underserved communities, including people of color, the elderly, people living with chronic conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups have greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, and adaptation and mitigation are urgently needed.
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Claims the paper makes
39 of 94 cited sources checked · 15 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Sensitized individuals have an allergic reaction on consuming red meat.
“These individuals then have an allergic reaction on consuming red meat.62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] Macdougall, 2022, The meat of the matter: understanding and managing alpha-gal syndrome, ImmunoTargets Ther source
The Introduction describes red-meat reactions as a possible manifestation of alpha-gal syndrome, but the Allergic Sensitization to Alpha-Gal section explicitly says that alpha-gal IgE sensitization does not necessarily produce clinical symptoms. It also describes sensitized children with no clinical signs of allergy, contrary to the unqualified claim about sensitized individuals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisereasoning
Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, wildfires, droughts, and heat waves.
“Increased fossil fuel use has increased carbon dioxide concentrations leading to global warming and climate change with increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, wildfires, droughts, and heat waves.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction Fossil fuels, when burned, emit greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane, and nitrous oxides, which trap heat and increase global temperatures.1,2 These increases have altered weather patterns around the world such as the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, wildfires, and heat waves.In 1850, at the start of the industrial revolution, global carbon emissions were approximately 200 million tons. 3 Since then, with increases in human activity and population, it has grown exponentially to 6 (1950) and 37 billion tons (2021).3 Concomitantly, global temperatures have also increased, and in 2022, they were 0.89°C above the average temperatures observed between 1951 and 1980.4 Although an increase of 0.89°C may seem to be small, this has had destabilizing effects on the Earth's climate system.Furthermore, the rate of warming is accelerating, which is an additional cause for concern.Wildfires emit heat, CO 2 , and other greenhouse gases, particulate matter, and other pollutants creating a feedback loop and exacerbating climate change.5 Deforestation is also accelerating climate change.Trees absorb CO 2 and act as carbon sinks, and their destruction has decreased earth's ability to maintain the carbon cycle.6 Oceans also act as carbon sinks and absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere.Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the pH of the oceans has decreased by 0.1 pH units, which is approximately a 30% increase in acidity.Increased ocean acidity lowers the ocean's capacity to further absorb CO 2 .7 Extreme weather events directly affect human health and wellbeing.Climate change also indirectly affects other determinants of human health, such as decreased food security and access to clean water, increased human migration, geographic spread of infectious vectors, and loss of biodiversity. 1 The first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report was published in 1990 which warned of the potential harms of the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases caused by human activity to planetary and human health.However, it was only in 2015 that the first global commitment to fight the climate crisis, the Paris Accord, was signed.It was signed by 196 nations, who all agreed to work toward limiting temperature increases by the end of the century to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels.This landmark accord, for the first time, brought nations to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and chart a new course in the global effort for climate action.8 Although the risks of climate change to health were recognized at the Paris Accord, the funding allocated to safeguard health in the face of climate change has been negligent.In 2018, only 0.5% of multilateral climate funds dispersed for climate change adaptation had been allocated to health projects.9 The impact of the climate crisis on the human body has been overlooked at international climate change summits including the Conference of the Parties until now.The 2023 Conference of the Parties 28 in collaboration with the World Health Organization and other main partners will organize the first ever Health Day to discuss investing in resilient health systems that can ensure adaptation to the growing burdens of disease and impacts of extreme weather.10 In this review, we discuss how climate change directly affects health risks and indirectly affects determinants of health such as clean water, nutritious foods, and access to health care.Furthermore, climate change disproportionately affects low-income communities and communities of color around the world, the people and places least responsible for the problem bringing to the forefront ethical issues about climate justice.We discuss some of these challenges and the international and national policies that aim to mitigate climate change. As climate change affects all humans, all individuals, communities, institutions, and countries need to get involved.Health care professionals, often in the frontline with firsthand knowledge of the health impacts of climate change, can act as key messengers and advocate toward climate change mitigation and adaptation policies that protect the health of their patients.The American Medical Association adopted a Global Climate Change and Human Health policy that supports educating the medical community on the potential adverse public health effects of global climate change and encourages health care professionals to assist in educating patients and the public on environmentally sustainable practices and to serve as role models for promoting environmental sustainability.11 · plain
“These increases have altered weather patterns around the world such as the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, wildfires, and heat waves.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] Agache, 2022, Climate change and global health: a call to more research and more action, Allergy source
The Introduction says climate change has increased the intensity and frequency of weather events including heatwaves, drought and wildfire. But the “Climate change and thunderstorm asthma” section says the effect on thunderstorms remains scientifically uncertain, despite emerging evidence from the Southern Great Plains. The claim overstates the evidence for thunderstorms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
- Also stated in: § Introduction Fossil fuels, when burned, emit greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane, and nitrous oxides, which trap heat and increase global temperatures.1,2 These increases have altered weather patterns around the world such as the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, wildfires, and heat waves.In 1850, at the start of the industrial revolution, global carbon emissions were approximately 200 million tons. 3 Since then, with increases in human activity and population, it has grown exponentially to 6 (1950) and 37 billion tons (2021).3 Concomitantly, global temperatures have also increased, and in 2022, they were 0.89°C above the average temperatures observed between 1951 and 1980.4 Although an increase of 0.89°C may seem to be small, this has had destabilizing effects on the Earth's climate system.Furthermore, the rate of warming is accelerating, which is an additional cause for concern.Wildfires emit heat, CO 2 , and other greenhouse gases, particulate matter, and other pollutants creating a feedback loop and exacerbating climate change.5 Deforestation is also accelerating climate change.Trees absorb CO 2 and act as carbon sinks, and their destruction has decreased earth's ability to maintain the carbon cycle.6 Oceans also act as carbon sinks and absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere.Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the pH of the oceans has decreased by 0.1 pH units, which is approximately a 30% increase in acidity.Increased ocean acidity lowers the ocean's capacity to further absorb CO 2 .7 Extreme weather events directly affect human health and wellbeing.Climate change also indirectly affects other determinants of human health, such as decreased food security and access to clean water, increased human migration, geographic spread of infectious vectors, and loss of biodiversity. 1 The first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report was published in 1990 which warned of the potential harms of the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases caused by human activity to planetary and human health.However, it was only in 2015 that the first global commitment to fight the climate crisis, the Paris Accord, was signed.It was signed by 196 nations, who all agreed to work toward limiting temperature increases by the end of the century to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels.This landmark accord, for the first time, brought nations to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and chart a new course in the global effort for climate action.8 Although the risks of climate change to health were recognized at the Paris Accord, the funding allocated to safeguard health in the face of climate change has been negligent.In 2018, only 0.5% of multilateral climate funds dispersed for climate change adaptation had been allocated to health projects.9 The impact of the climate crisis on the human body has been overlooked at international climate change summits including the Conference of the Parties until now.The 2023 Conference of the Parties 28 in collaboration with the World Health Organization and other main partners will organize the first ever Health Day to discuss investing in resilient health systems that can ensure adaptation to the growing burdens of disease and impacts of extreme weather.10 In this review, we discuss how climate change directly affects health risks and indirectly affects determinants of health such as clean water, nutritious foods, and access to health care.Furthermore, climate change disproportionately affects low-income communities and communities of color around the world, the people and places least responsible for the problem bringing to the forefront ethical issues about climate justice.We discuss some of these challenges and the international and national policies that aim to mitigate climate change. As climate change affects all humans, all individuals, communities, institutions, and countries need to get involved.Health care professionals, often in the frontline with firsthand knowledge of the health impacts of climate change, can act as key messengers and advocate toward climate change mitigation and adaptation policies that protect the health of their patients.The American Medical Association adopted a Global Climate Change and Human Health policy that supports educating the medical community on the potential adverse public health effects of global climate change and encourages health care professionals to assist in educating patients and the public on environmentally sustainable practices and to serve as role models for promoting environmental sustainability.11 · plain
- Premisecitation
Extreme weather events directly affect human health and wellbeing.
“Extreme weather events directly affect human health and wellbeing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Agache, 2022, Climate change and global health: a call to more research and more action, Allergy source
- Premisecitation
In immigrant communities, sudden displacement makes it difficult to access disaster recovery resources due to language and socioeconomic barriers.
“In immigrant communities, this sudden displacement makes it difficult to access disaster recovery resources due to language and socioeconomic barriers.45”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Huntwork, 2022, Disaster differentially affects underserved communities, J Allergy Clin Immunol Global source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says language barriers make disaster-recovery services inaccessible and that sudden displacement of support systems makes recovery harder. It also describes poverty and limited employment opportunities, but does not directly say socioeconomic barriers make recovery resources difficult to access after displacement. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Exposure to increased heat was found to lead to decreased dexterity in Latino farmworkers, elevating the likelihood of physical injuries.
“Exposure to increased heat was found to lead to decreased dexterity in Latino farmworkers, elevating the likelihood of physical injuries.35”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Castillo, 2021, Environmental health threats to Latino migrant farmworkers, Annu Rev Public Health source
The Heat Exposure section says increased body temperature and sun exposure can reduce dexterity in outdoor workers and increase the likelihood of physical injuries. It does not specifically establish this finding in Latino farmworkers, and its conditional wording is weaker than the claim’s statement that the effect was found. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The Black adult mortality rate from Hurricane Katrina in Orleans Parish was 1.7 to 4 times higher than that of Whites.
“A study found that the Black adult mortality rate from hurricane Katrina in Orleans Parish was 1.7 to 4 times higher than that of Whites.41”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Brunkard, 2008, Hurricane Katrina deaths, Louisiana, 2005, Disaster Med Public Health Prep source
- Premisecitation
Economically disadvantaged groups, peoples of color, people with limited English proficiency, and certain immigrant populations are more likely to live in counties within flood zones or high-risk flood areas.
“Economically disadvantaged groups, peoples of color, people with limited English proficiency, and certain immigrant populations are more likely to live in counties within flood zones or highrisk flood areas.18,42,43”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [18] Berberian, 2022, Racial disparities in climate change-related health effects in the United States, Curr Environ Health Rep source
The “Hurricanes and Flooding” section (page unavailable) says economically disadvantaged populations are more likely to live in counties within flood zones. It also reports greater flooding in Texas and New York neighborhoods with higher proportions of non-White residents. It does not establish that people with limited English proficiency or certain immigrant populations are more likely to live in flood-risk areas. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
- cites [43] Collins, 2019, Environmental injustice and Hurricane Harvey: a household-level study of socially disparate flood exposures in Greater Houston, Texas, USA, Environ Res source
- Premisecitation
Occupational heat-related mortality is 35 times higher among agricultural workers compared with workers from other industries.
“A study found that occupational heat-related mortality is 35 times higher among agricultural workers compared with workers from other industries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] El Khayat, 2022, Impacts of climate change and heat stress on farmworkers’ health: a scoping review, Front Public Health source
- Premisecitation
Approximately 75% of farmworkers in the United States are Latino migrants.
“It is estimated that approximately 75% of farmworkers in the United States are Latino migrants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Taylor, 2018, Differences in heat-related mortality by citizenship status: United States, 2005-2014, Am J Public Health source
The Discussion reports that 71% of 28 deceased crop workers came from Mexico or Central or South America, and that 95% of foreign-born hired crop workers immigrated from Mexico. Neither figure estimates the proportion of all US farmworkers who are Latino migrants; a search for the claimed 75% workforce estimate found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A study evaluating the effects of wildfire smoke on standardized test scores between third- and eighth-grade students across 11,700 US school districts found that the negative effects of wildfire smoke on learning are stronger across both racial and ethnic and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
“A study evaluating the effects of wildfire smoke on standardized test scores between third-and eighth-grade students across 11,700 US school districts found that the negative effects of wildfire smoke on learning are stronger across both racial and ethnic and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.59”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Wen, 2022, Lower test scores from wildfire smoke exposure, Nat Sustain source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A greater percentage of Blacks were exposed to more than 1 smoke wave than those who are White.
“The study also found that a greater percentage of Blacks were exposed to more than 1 smoke wave (incidences of high-pollution from wildfire smoke) than those who are White.57”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Liu, 2017, Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke?, Am J Epidemiol source
- Premisecitation
PM2.5 is associated with exacerbating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
“PM 2.5 is associated with exacerbating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.2,56”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The Lone Star tick appears to spread north and west due to climate change.
“the Lone Star tick was originally found predominantly in the Southeastern United States, but it appears to spread north and west due to climate change.61”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] Sonenshine, 2018, Range expansion of tick disease vectors in North America: implications for spread of tick-borne disease, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
Section 3.2 reports that lone star ticks have expanded northward and have been found as far west as Nebraska and South Dakota. It says their northward expansion is consistent with climate change, but does not specifically attribute the westward spread to climate change; it also notes that arid conditions may limit further westward expansion. The section identifies North and South Carolina as part of the historic range, without establishing that the tick was originally found predominantly in the Southeast. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Wildfire smoke exposure in pregnant women is linked to adverse birth effects such as preterm birth and lower birth weight.
“Pregnant women are also at risk to the effects of wildfire smoke as exposure has been linked to adverse birth effects such as preterm birth and lower birth weight.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Xu, 2020, Wildfires, global climate change, and human health, N Engl J Med source
- Premisecitation
In a study involving Medicare enrollees, people of color, especially persons who are Black, had a higher risk for respiratory hospitalization than people who are White.
“For example, in a study involving Medicare enrollees, people of color, especially persons who are Black, had a higher risk for respiratory hospitalization than people who are White.57”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Liu, 2017, Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke?, Am J Epidemiol source
The Results report a higher estimated risk of respiratory hospitalization associated with smoke waves for Black than for White Medicare enrollees. But Table 2 shows a lower estimate for the “other race” group than for White enrollees, and the Results say no subgroup’s risk differed significantly from its counterpart’s. The claim overgeneralizes this finding to people of color and omits the smoke-wave condition. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Wildfires have been increasing in intensity and frequency because of longer warm seasons, increasing periods of droughts, and drier soil and vegetation.
“Wildfires have been increasing in intensity and frequency because of longer warm seasons, increasing periods of droughts, and drier soil and vegetation.5,18,53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Xu, 2020, Wildfires, global climate change, and human health, N Engl J Med source
The “Climate Change and Wildfires” section says drought, moisture loss from soil, and a longer wildfire season can increase wildfire risk. It describes increases in forest-fire risk and severity chiefly as future expectations, however, rather than establishing that wildfires have already increased in both frequency and intensity. It also reports a decline in the overall global area burned since 1930; the copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [18] Berberian, 2022, Racial disparities in climate change-related health effects in the United States, Curr Environ Health Rep source
The Wildfire section (page not available) says climate change contributes to wildfires through hotter, drier weather and drought. It does not state that wildfires have increased in intensity or frequency, or specifically identify longer warm seasons and drier soil and vegetation as causes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change indicators: wildfires. Accessed August 28, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires#ref11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given
Individuals in low-income areas are exposed to higher levels of air pollution due to industrial and vehicular emissions.
“as individuals in low-income areas are exposed to higher levels of air pollution due to industrial and vehicular emissions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [63] D'Amato, 2023, Pollen respiratory allergy: is it really seasonal?, World Allergy Organ J source
The “Air pollution and interaction with pollen allergens” section identifies industrial and vehicular emissions as contributors to air pollution. It does not say that people in low-income areas experience higher exposure than others; searches for low income and socioeconomic disadvantage found no such comparison in our copy. Page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [64] Anderegg, 2021, Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
The Results and Discussion passages address climate-driven pollen trends and respiratory health, not air-pollution exposure by income. Searches for low-income areas, industrial and vehicular emissions, and socioeconomic disparities found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [65] Chang, 2023, Climate change, air quality, and respiratory health: a focus on particle deposition in the lungs, Ann Med source
The Introduction’s discussion of urban climate says low-income communities can be disproportionately affected by climate change, and its discussion of pollution production identifies vehicles and industrial processes as emission sources. Neither passage says people in low-income areas have higher air-pollution exposure because of those sources; the stated reasons for disproportionate impacts are flood and heat exposure and limited resources. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Climate change increases pollen season length and concentrations due to higher CO2 concentrations and increased temperatures.
“Another way climate change is having an effect on allergies is through increased pollen season length and concentrations due to higher CO 2 concentrations and increased temperatures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] D'Amato, 2023, Pollen respiratory allergy: is it really seasonal?, World Allergy Organ J source
- Premisecitation
The impact of the climate crisis on the human body has been overlooked at international climate change summits including the Conference of the Parties until now.
“The impact of the climate crisis on the human body has been overlooked at international climate change summits including the Conference of the Parties until now.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] World Health Organization. Leaders spotlight the critical intersection between health and climate ahead of COP-28 first-ever Health Day. Accessed October 29, 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/18-09-2023-leaders-spotlight-the-critical-intersection-between-health-and-climate-ahead-of-cop-s-first-ever-health-day
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Underserved communities, including people of color, the elderly, people living with chronic conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, have greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.
“Underserved communities, including people of color, the elderly, people living with chronic conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, have greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Underserved communities, including people of color, the elderly, people living with chronic conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, have greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
Climate change increases the risk of adverse health effects for all human beings.
“These changes increase the risk of adverse health effects for all human beings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In 2018, only 0.5% of multilateral climate funds dispersed for climate change adaptation had been allocated to health projects.
“In 2018, only 0.5% of multilateral climate funds dispersed for climate change adaptation had been allocated to health projects.9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] World Health Organization. Health benefits far outweigh the costs of meeting climate change goals. Accessed October 29, 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/05-12-2018-health-benefits-far-outweigh-the-costs-of-meeting-climate-change-goals
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The brunt of the effects of climate change is most felt by poorer nations and individuals in underserved communities with the least means to adapt to these changes.
“However, the brunt of the effects of climate change is most felt by poorer nations and those individuals in underserved communities with the least means to adapt to these changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Currently, there are no federal heat protection standards in the United States to protect vulnerable populations.
“Currently, there are no federal heat protection standards in the United States to protect these vulnerable populations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Black residents, including socioeconomically disadvantaged residents, were found to be less likely to return home after Hurricane Katrina due to unoccupiable homes caused by flooding.
“For example, Black residents, including socioeconomically disadvantaged residents, were found to be less likely to return home after hurricane Katrina due to unoccupiable homes caused by flooding.44”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Population Reference Bureau. Who returned to New Orleans after hurricane Katrina? Accessed November 4, 2023. Available at: https://www.prb.org/resources/who-returned-to-new-orleans-after-hurricane-katrina/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Nationally, low-income households generally spend a larger portion of their income on home energy costs than other households.
“Nationally, low-income households generally spend a larger portion of their income on home energy costs than other households.30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] US Department of Energy. Low-income household energy burden varies among states—efficiency can help in all of them. Accessed October 30. 2023. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/01/f58/WIP-Energy-Burden_final.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
People who live in cities are more at risk of the effects of heat due to the heat island effect.
“People who live in cities are more at risk of the effects of heat due to the heat island effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Low-income households often live in older homes that trap heat, with poor insulation or single-paned windows.
“Furthermore, low-income households often live in older homes that trap heat.These homes experience high heat that can result from varying factors in the home such as poor insulation or having singlepaned windows.29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Sun, 2021, Passive cooling designs to improve heat resilience of homes in underserved and vulnerable communities, Energy Build source
- Premisecitation
Heat wave incidences in the United States have steadily increased from an average of 2 heat waves per year in the 1960s to 6 per year in the 2010s and 2020s.
“Heat wave incidences in the United States have been steadily increasing from an average of 2 heat waves per year in the 1960s to 6 per year in the 2010s and 2020s.22”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change indicators: heat waves. Accessed October 30, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Exposure to extreme temperatures can result in morbidity or death.
“Exposure to extreme temperatures can result in morbidity or death.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Ebi, 2021, Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks, Lancet source
- Premisecitation
In California, neighborhoods with more subsidized housing were more vulnerable to extreme heat than other kinds of neighborhoods.
“A study in California found that neighborhoods with more subsidized housing were more vulnerable to extreme heat than other kinds of neighborhoods.27”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Gabbe, 2020, Extreme heat vulnerability of subsidized housing residents in California, Hous Policy Debate source
- Premisecitation
Extreme heat can exacerbate preexisting health conditions such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
“It can exacerbate preexisting health conditions such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. 23”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Ebi, 2021, Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks, Lancet source
- Premisecitation
People of color and economically disadvantaged populations are more likely to live in older homes or homes with poor infrastructure in high-risk flood areas.
“People of color and economically disadvantaged populations are more likely to live in older homes or homes with poor infrastructure in high-risk flood areas.47”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change and social vulnerability in the United States: a focus on six impacts. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-09/climate-vulnerability_september-2021_508.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The burden of the devastating effects of hurricanes is disproportionately felt by socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
“The burden of the devastating effects of hurricanes is disproportionately felt by socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Displacement and evacuations during hurricanes disproportionately affect underserved communities.
“Displacement and evacuations during hurricanes disproportionately affect underserved communities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Rising global temperatures brought about by climate change have resulted in increased frequency and intensity of heat waves.
“Rising global temperatures brought about by climate change has resulted in increased frequency and intensity of heat waves.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Green space exposure is correlated with lower depression and anxiety.
“results of a meta-analysis support a correlation between green space exposure and lower depression and anxiety.60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] Liu, 2023, Green space exposure on depression and anxiety outcomes: a meta-analysis, Environ Res source
- Premisecitation
Allergic asthma is sometimes increased during thunderstorms.
“Allergic asthma are also sometimes increased during thunderstorms”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Venkatesan, 2022, Epidemic thunderstorm asthma, Lancet Respir Med source
- Interpretationcitation
Increased exposures to potential allergens caused by living in damp indoor areas can result in underserved populations disproportionately experiencing an exacerbation of symptoms associated with chronic respiratory diseases or upper and lower respiratory infections.
“The increased exposures to potential allergens caused by living in damp indoor areas can result in underserved populations disproportionately experiencing an exacerbation of symptoms associated with chronic respiratory diseases or upper and lower respiratory infections.16,42,49”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [16] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change and the health of socially vulnerable people. Accessed July 21, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-and-health-socially-vulnerable-people#:∼:text=Increases%20in%20average%20and%20extreme,including%20certain%20socially% 20vulnerable%20groups.&text=These%20include%20low%2Dincome%20households,experiencing%20homelessness%2C%20and%20immigrant%20populations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
- cites [49] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Precipitation extremes: heavy rainfall, flooding, and droughts. Accessed August 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/precipitation_extremes.htm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Under certain conditions, thunderstorms break up pollen into smaller allergic particles, which penetrate deeper into the lungs increasing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis.
“Under certain conditions, thunderstorms break up pollen into smaller allergic particles, which penetrate deeper into the lungs increasing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Venkatesan, 2022, Epidemic thunderstorm asthma, Lancet Respir Med source
- Premisereasoning
Water contaminated with pathogens is another major health concern with flooding.
“Water contaminated with pathogens is another major health concern with flooding.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
During the 2020 California wildfire season, PM2.5 concentrations were positively correlated with poverty and housing inequities.
“Another study during the 2020 California wildfire season found that PM 2.5 concentrations were positively correlated with poverty and housing inequities.58”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Kramer, 2023, Environmental justice analysis of wildfire-related PM(2.5) exposure using low-cost sensors in California, Sci Total Environ source
- Premisecitation
Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of wildfire smoke exposure.
“Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of wildfire smoke exposure.42”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
- Premisecitation
Children of certain racial and ethnic groups and low-income communities are disproportionately affected by air pollution, wildfires, and climate change.
“Children of certain racial and ethnic groups and low-income communities are also disproportionately affected by air pollution, wildfires, and climate change.2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
- May combine two claims. 44
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBurning fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, which trap heat and increase global temperatures.
“Fossil fuels, when burned, emit greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane, and nitrous oxides, which trap heat and increase global temperatures.1,2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationClimate change indirectly affects other determinants of human health, such as decreased food security and access to clean water, increased human migration, geographic spread of infectious vectors, and loss of biodiversity.
“Climate change also indirectly affects other determinants of human health, such as decreased food security and access to clean water, increased human migration, geographic spread of infectious vectors, and loss of biodiversity. 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Agache, 2022, Climate change and global health: a call to more research and more action, Allergy source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHurricane Katrina was responsible for approximately 1200 deaths, 1.5 million displacements, and an estimated $170 billion US dollars in damages.
“Hurricane Katrina was responsible for approximately 1200 deaths, 1.5 million displacements, and an estimated $170 billion US dollars in damages.40”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Waddell, 2021, Perspectives on the health effects of hurricanes: a review and challenges, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
Section 1, “Hurricanes and Health: A Conceptual Framework,” reports about 1,200 deaths and an estimated $170 billion in damage from Hurricane Katrina. The paper discusses evacuees in Section 3.1 but does not give the claimed figure of 1.5 million people displaced. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the United States, agricultural workers are often low-income vulnerable migrants who face language and cultural barriers.
“In the United States, agricultural workers are often low-income vulnerable migrants who face language and cultural barriers.31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] El Khayat, 2022, Impacts of climate change and heat stress on farmworkers’ health: a scoping review, Front Public Health source
The Introduction says farmworkers often have low socioeconomic status and migrant farmworkers face vulnerabilities, including language and cultural barriers. The Results (Vulnerable Populations—Migrant Farmworkers) discusses studies of migrants in the United States, but the review does not establish that U.S. agricultural workers are often migrants or that its general low-income finding specifically describes U.S. workers. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOn average, low-income blocks in the United States have 15.2% less tree cover and are 1.5°C hotter than high-income blocks; these disparities were greatest in low-income urban blocks in the Northeast, where some urbanized areas have 30% less tree cover and are 4.0°C hotter.
“On average, low-income blocks in the United States have 15.2% less tree cover and are 1.5°C hotter than high-income blocks; these disparities were greatest in low-income urban blocks in the Northeast, in which in some urbanized areas have 30% less tree cover and are 4.0°C hotter.28”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] McDonald, 2021, The tree cover and temperature disparity in US urbanized areas: quantifying the association with income across 5,723 communities, PLoS One source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA year after Hurricane Katrina, 40% of working-aged Vietnamese-Americans still found it difficult to obtain medications, resulting in the exacerbation of certain illnesses such as asthma.
“For example, a year after hurricane Katrina, 40% of working-aged Vietnamese-Americans still found it difficult to obtain medications, resulting in the exacerbation of certain illnesses, such as asthma.45,46”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [45] Huntwork, 2022, Disaster differentially affects underserved communities, J Allergy Clin Immunol Global source
The Discussion reports that, a year after Katrina, 40% of working-age Vietnamese-Americans still had difficulty obtaining medications. The Case report describes a separate 70-year-old woman whose asthma became uncontrolled when she was unsure where to get medications. It does not establish that the working-age group experienced asthma exacerbations as a result. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [46] Vu, 2009, Evacuation and return of Vietnamese New Orleanians affected by Hurricane Katrina, Organ Amp Environ source
The Results (page unavailable) report that 40% of respondents’ families had trouble obtaining required medications immediately after Katrina, not a year later. The one-year Results report difficulties receiving medical care, but do not give a 40% medication figure or link medication access to worsened asthma; the 40% reported at that point concerns fear of crime. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationData reported from 2005 to 2014 indicate that 20% of heat-related deaths among non-US citizens occurred on a farm, and almost 95% of these deaths took place in Texas, Arizona, and California.
“Data reported from 2005 to 2014 indicate that 20% of heat-related deaths among non-US citizens occurred on a farm, and almost 95% of these deaths took place in Texas, Arizona, and California.32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Taylor, 2018, Differences in heat-related mortality by citizenship status: United States, 2005-2014, Am J Public Health source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHeavy rains and extensive flooding create ideal conditions for bioaerosols such as mold to grow, and homes having flood damage had increased levels of mold growth.
“Heavy rains and extensive flooding create ideal conditions for bioaerosols, such as mold, to grow, and homes having flood damage had increased levels of mold growth.2,40,48”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
- cites [40] Waddell, 2021, Perspectives on the health effects of hurricanes: a review and challenges, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- cites [48] Gargano, 2018, Lower respiratory symptoms associated with environmental and reconstruction exposures after Hurricane Sandy, Disaster Med Public Health Prep source
The Introduction states that flooding creates ideal conditions for mold growth. The Methods group flooded homes and reported mold together as possible exposures, but the paper does not establish that flood-damaged homes had increased levels of mold growth. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals in low-income areas have chronically inflamed airways, making them more sensitive to pollen exposure and at greater risk of exacerbation of allergic rhinitis.
“they have chronically inflamed airways, which makes them more sensitive to pollen exposure and are at greater risk of exacerbation of allergic rhinitis.[63][64][65]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [63] D'Amato, 2023, Pollen respiratory allergy: is it really seasonal?, World Allergy Organ J source
The Introduction describes allergic rhinitis as chronic inflammation of the nasopharynx, and the Summary/discussion says air pollutants can increase pollen allergenicity and exacerbate symptoms in sensitized individuals (page numbers unavailable). Neither passage identifies people in low-income areas as having chronically inflamed airways or establishes that inflammation as the reason for greater pollen sensitivity. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [64] Anderegg, 2021, Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
The Results and Discussion section (page not provided) says pollen can trigger allergies and exacerbate respiratory inflammation. It does not say that people in low-income areas have chronically inflamed airways, are more sensitive to pollen, or face a specifically greater risk of allergic-rhinitis exacerbation; searches for low-income status and chronic airway inflammation found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [65] Chang, 2023, Climate change, air quality, and respiratory health: a focus on particle deposition in the lungs, Ann Med source
The 'Health implications of particle deposition in the lungs' section says inhaled particles can cause local inflammation, and 'Actions and preparation for climate change' says allergens can aggravate symptoms in people with allergies. Neither section says that people in low-income areas have chronically inflamed airways or that this makes them more sensitive to pollen and more likely to have allergic-rhinitis exacerbations. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWildfire smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased likelihood of mental illness in adulthood, a decrease in academic performance, and exacerbation of asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis.
“Wildfire smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased likelihood of mental illness in adulthood, a decrease in academic performance, and exacerbation of asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis.2,5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
- cites [5] Xu, 2020, Wildfires, global climate change, and human health, N Engl J Med source
The Direct Health Risks from Wildfire Events section reports that childhood exposure to wildfires was associated with adult mental illness and that wildfire events were associated with lower academic performance in children. The Short-Term Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke section links smoke to asthma-related events and respiratory infections. It does not attribute the mental-health or academic findings specifically to smoke, or identify pneumonia and bronchitis specifically; the respiratory findings are not limited to childhood exposure. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLone Star tick bites can transmit alpha-gal and sensitize individuals.
“When the tick bites a human, it can transmit alpha-gal, a sugar found in nonprimate mammalian meat, and sensitize these individuals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] Macdougall, 2022, The meat of the matter: understanding and managing alpha-gal syndrome, ImmunoTargets Ther source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWildfire vulnerability is spread unequally across race and ethnicity, and those living in census tracts that were primarily Black, Hispanic, or Native American had a 50% greater vulnerability to wildfire.
“A study found that wildfire vulnerability is spread unequally across race and ethnicity, and those living in census tracts that were primarily Black, Hispanic, or Native American had a 50% greater vulnerability to wildfire.54”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Davies, 2018, The unequal vulnerability of communities of color to wildfire, PLoS One source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDespite similar flooding across toxic sites during Hurricane Harvey, areas with lower socioeconomic status were more likely to have a toxic release during the storm, indicating socioeconomic disparities.
“Despite similar flooding across toxic sites during Hurricane Harvey, areas with lower socioeconomic status were more likely to have a toxic release during the storm, indicating socioeconomic disparities.52”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] Lieberman-Cribbin, 2021, Socioeconomic disparities in incidents at toxic sites during Hurricane Harvey, J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPeople of color and other vulnerable communities are more likely to live in areas with high air pollution and, as a result, have chronically inflamed airways, which makes them very sensitive to irritants such as wildfire smoke.
“In addition, people of color and other vulnerable communities more likely live in areas with high air pollution and, as a result, have chronically inflamed airways, which makes them very sensitive to irritants such as wildfire smoke.55”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] Chambliss, 2021, Local- and regional-scale racial and ethnic disparities in air pollution determined by long-term mobile monitoring, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
The Results and Discussion section reports higher average pollution exposure in predominantly Black and Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods. The Abstract also associates increased air-pollution exposure with greater vulnerability to wildfire pollution episodes. Neither passage establishes that these communities have chronically inflamed airways or that airway inflammation causes their sensitivity to wildfire smoke (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenClimate change disproportionately affects low-income communities and communities of color around the world, the people and places least responsible for the problem.
“Furthermore, climate change disproportionately affects low-income communities and communities of color around the world, the people and places least responsible for the problem bringing to the forefront ethical issues about climate justice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenClimate change has primarily been driven by wealthier countries, who have been the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases.
“Climate change has primarily been driven by wealthier countries, who have been the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 2015 Paris Accord was signed by 196 nations who agreed to limit temperature increases by the end of the century to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.
“It was signed by 196 nations, who all agreed to work toward limiting temperature increases by the end of the century to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] United Nations. What is the Paris Agreement? Accessed October 29, 2023. Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe greater vulnerability of underserved communities to climate change results from multiple factors such as disparities in health care, lower educational status, and systemic racism.
“These vulnerabilities are a result of multiple factors such as disparities in health care, lower educational status, and systemic racism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExtreme weather events act as threat multipliers that exacerbate social inequities and increase disparities in health outcomes.
“These social inequities are exacerbated by extreme weather events, which act as threat multipliers increasing disparities in health outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe 2015 Paris Agreement aimed to implement equity in action, founded on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
“For instance, The 2015 Paris Agreement aimed to implement equity in action, founded on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Winkler, 2020, Putting equity into practice in the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement, Clim Policy source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAs global temperatures increase, there is increased evaporation and subsequently more overall precipitation; a warming climate is expected to increase precipitation in many areas.
“As global temperatures increase, there is increased evaporation, and, subsequently, more overall precipitation.Therefore, a warming climate is expected to increase precipitation in many areas.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change indicators: U.S. and global precipitation. Accessed October 31, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-precipitation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn the United States, policies and practices have disproportionately affected low-income communities and communities of color, leaving them at greater risk of exposure to harmful pollutants from industrial and vehicular emissions, flooding from homes built in low-lying areas, and harm from degrading infrastructure.
“In the United States, policies and practices have disproportionately affected low-income communities and communities of color leaving them at greater risk of exposure to harmful pollutants from industrial and vehicular emissions, flooding from homes built in low-lying areas, and harm from degrading infrastructure (Fig 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12][13][14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCyclone intensity has risen noticeably, and 8 of the 10 most active years since 1950 have occurred since the mid-1990s.
“Cyclone intensity has risen noticeably, 38 and 8 of the 10 most active years since 1950 have occurred since the mid-1990s.39”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Méndez-Tejeda, 2023, Links between climate change and hurricanes in the North Atlantic, PLoS Clim source
- cites [39] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change indicators: tropical cyclone activity. Accessed October 31, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtreme heat is associated with increased emergency department visits and hospital admittance, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, mental health issues, or death.
“Extreme heat is associated with increased emergency department visits and hospital admittance, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, mental health issue, or death.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Ebi, 2021, Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks, Lancet source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDaytime temperatures in urban areas are approximately 1°F to 7°F higher than temperatures in outlying areas and nighttime temperatures are approximately 2°F to 5°F higher.
“Daytime temperatures in urban areas are approximately 1°F to 7°F higher than temperatures in outlying areas and nighttime temperatures are approximately 2°F to 5°F higher.25”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Heat island effect. Accessed August 14, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/heatislands
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenIndividuals in higher socioeconomic groups have a larger carbon footprint.
“In addition, individuals in higher socioeconomic groups have a larger carbon footprint.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOutdoor workers, who are often low-income workers, are at increased risk of heat-related illnesses.
“Another vulnerable group at increased risk of heat-related illnesses are outdoor workers, who are often low-income workers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMortality rates for heat-related cardiovascular disease deaths were highest among people 65 years and older and non-Hispanic Blacks.
“Mortality rates for heat-related cardiovascular disease deaths were highest among people 65 years and older and non-Hispanic Blacks.34”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change indicators: heat-related deaths. Accessed August 8, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-related-deaths
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany low-income homes lack air conditioners or other cooling appliances, and these buildings are often more expensive to cool, contributing to high utility bills and a financial burden for these communities.
“Many of these homes lack air conditioners or other cooling appliances that help mitigate heat.These buildings are also often more expensive to cool contributing to the high costs of utility bills, presenting a financial burden for these communities.26,29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Heat islands and equity. Accessed August 14, 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/climate-change-and-heat-islands#a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [29] Sun, 2021, Passive cooling designs to improve heat resilience of homes in underserved and vulnerable communities, Energy Build source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtreme heat has a direct impact on human health, including heat illnesses such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and medical complications including stroke and heart attack.
“Extreme heat has a direct impact on human health.Such impacts include heat illnesses such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and medical complications of heat, including stroke and heart attack.23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Ebi, 2021, Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks, Lancet source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn underserved and low socioeconomic communities, climate change has become a threat multiplier, exacerbating preexisting inequalities and disproportionately affecting health outcomes.
“In these underserved and low socioeconomic communities, climate change has become a threat multiplier, exacerbating preexisting inequalities and disproportionally affecting health outcomes.[15][16][17][18]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15][16][17][18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenInjuries and drowning are increased after a hurricane, and many individuals are displaced from their homes.
“Injuries and drowning are increased after a hurricane, and many individuals are displaced from their homes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningIn the aftermath of hurricanes, damage to infrastructure can result in decreased access to health care, nutritious foods, clean water, and safe dwellings and increased exposure to pollutants, mold, and waterborne pathogens.
“In the aftermath of hurricanes, damage to infrastructure can result in decreased access to health care, nutritious foods, clean water, and safe dwellings and increased exposure to pollutants, mold, and waterborne pathogens.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBoth displacement and evacuation present challenges to vulnerable populations such as interruption of or inadequate access to health care.
“Both displacement and evacuation present many challenges to vulnerable populations such as interruption of or inadequate access to health care.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenTropical cyclones get their energy from the oceans, and rising ocean temperatures have led to increased intensity of cyclones.
“Tropical cyclones get their energy from the oceans, and rising ocean temperatures have led to increased intensity of cyclones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn urban areas, impervious surfaces are more abundant in vulnerable communities, put a strain on sewer systems, and if the region's sewage and drainage systems are overwhelmed, can lead to increased exposure to waterborne pathogens.
“In urban area, impervious surfaces as found in heat islands tend to be more abundant in vulnerable communities, and these surfaces put a strain on sewer systems, and if the region's sewage and drainage systems are overwhelmed, it can lead to increased exposure to waterborne pathogens.50”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Warmer water and flooding increase the risk of illness and injury. Accessed August 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/WARMER-WATER-Final_508.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVarious studies have found that wildfire smoke greatly affects people of color, children, and the elderly.
“Various studies have found that wildfire smoke greatly affects people of color, children, and the elderly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference contains proposals to increase finance to developing countries.
“It also contains proposals to increase finance to developing countries.68”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] International Institution for Environment and Development. COP 15 Negotiations Agree New Global Biodiversity Framework. Accessed November 6, 2023. Available at: https://www.iied.org/cop15-negotiations-agree-new-global-biodiversity-framework
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference concluded with concrete measures to halt and reverse nature loss, including putting 30% of the planet and 30% of degraded ecosystems under protection by 2030.
“the 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference concluded with concrete measures to halt and reverse nature loss, including putting 30% of the planet and 30% of degraded ecosystems under protection by 2030.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] International Institution for Environment and Development. COP 15 Negotiations Agree New Global Biodiversity Framework. Accessed November 6, 2023. Available at: https://www.iied.org/cop15-negotiations-agree-new-global-biodiversity-framework
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenIndividuals from these communities are often homeless, live in substandard housing that is not properly sealed and therefore allow smoke to penetrate indoors, or are more likely to work outdoors.
“Individuals from these communities are often homeless, live in substandard housing that are not properly sealed and therefore allow smoke to penetrate indoors, or more likely to work outdoors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWildfires, by releasing large amounts of particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and black carbon into the atmosphere, further exacerbate climate change and increase air pollution.
“Wildfires, by releasing large amounts of particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and black carbon into the atmosphere, further exacerbate climate change and increase air pollution.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren are more affected because they are still developing, typically spend more time outdoors, and breathe more air relative to their body weight than adults.
“This is because children are still developing, typically spend more time outdoors, and breath more air relative to their body weight than adults.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Perera, 2022, Climate change, fossil-fuel pollution, and children's health, N Engl J Med source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenTree cover is lower in low-income areas.
“As indicated earlier, tree cover is lower in low-income areas;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWaterborne pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses, with gastrointestinal illnesses and diarrhea being the most common.
“Waterborne pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses, with gastrointestinal illnesses and diarrhea being the most common.42”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIngestion of or having direct contact with floodwater increases risks as floodwater may contain sewage that houses Escherichia coli and/or Salmonella.
“For example, ingestion of or having direct contact with floodwater increases these risks as floodwater may contain sewage that house Escherichia coli and/or Salmonella.42,51”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
- cites [51] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Floodwater after a disaster or emergency. Accessed August 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/floods/floodsafety.html
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningWildfire smoke is directly linked to poor air quality which results in adverse health effects.
“Wildfire smoke is directly linked to poor air quality which results in adverse health effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationJustice40 benefits cover climate change, clean energy and energy efficiency, clean transportation, affordable and sustainable housing, remediation and reduction of legacy pollution, critical clean water and wastewater infrastructure, and training and workforce development.
“These benefits will cover climate change, clean energy and energy efficiency, clean transportation, affordable and sustainable housing, remediation and reduction of legacy pollution, critical clean water and wastewater infrastructure, and training and workforce development related to the 6 other Justice40 investment areas.69,70”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] The Equitable and Just National Climate Platform. Justice40 resource guide. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://ajustclimate.org/justice40_guide.html
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [70] The White House. Justice40. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExtreme weather events caused by climate change affect everyone, but not everyone experiences these impacts equally.
“Extreme weather events caused by climate change affect everyone, but not everyone experiences these impacts equally.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningExtreme weather events are threat multipliers which exacerbate existing social inequities that affect health outcomes.
“Extreme weather events are threat multipliers which exacerbate existing social inequities that affect health outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningOwing to decreased access to health care, underserved communities are at greater risk of poor health outcomes.
“Owing to decreased access to health care, they are also at greater risk of poor health outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPresident Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law aims to advance equity in the country, which will support climate justice by improving air quality and tackling climate change.
“President Biden's historic Bipartisan Infrastructure Law aims to advance equity in our country, which will support climate justice by improving air quality and tackling climate change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] The Equitable and Just National Climate Platform. Justice40 resource guide. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://ajustclimate.org/justice40_guide.html
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [70] The White House. Justice40. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThese vulnerabilities are a result of multiple factors such as disparities in health care, lower educational status, and systemic racism.
“These vulnerabilities are a result of multiple factors such as disparities in health care, lower educational status, and systemic racism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationJustice40 mandates that at least 40% of the benefits of certain federal investments must flow directly to disadvantaged communities.
“He also signed an executive order, Justice40, which mandates that at least 40% of the benefits of certain federal investments must flow directly to disadvantaged communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] The Equitable and Just National Climate Platform. Justice40 resource guide. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://ajustclimate.org/justice40_guide.html
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [70] The White House. Justice40. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningClimate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, particularly underserved communities, because of greater exposure to hazards and decreased ability to adapt to these changes.
“Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, particularly underserved communities, because of greater exposure to hazards and decreased ability to adapt to these changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA White House Office of Environmental Justice requires every federal agency to address the disproportionate impact of pollution and climate change on minority communities.
“A major step has been the creation of a White House Office of Environmental Justice, 42 which requires every federal agency to address the disproportionate impact of pollution and climate change on minority communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Crimmins A, Balbus J, Gamble JL, Beard CB, Bell JE, Dodgen D, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: a scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Accessed April 28, 2024. Available at: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/. source
The paper relies on this without support.
Without human action, global temperatures will continue to increase to unbearable levels, creating an existential crisis.
“It is clear that without human action, these global temperatures will continue to increase to unbearable levels creating an existential crisis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other climate changes such as ocean acidification, drought, loss of biodiversity and species extinction, and sea level rise affect planetary and human health.
“other climate changes such as ocean acidification, drought, loss of biodiversity and species extinction, and sea level rise affect planetary and human health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These climate events decrease availability of nutritious foods, clean water, safe housing, biodiverse, and green spaces, all of which affect health.
“These climate events decrease availability of nutritious foods, clean water, safe housing, biodiverse, and green spaces, all of which affect health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Limited resources can cause conflict and human migration, driving further inequities.
“Limited resources can cause conflict and human migration, driving further inequities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A warmer climate leads to geographic spread of many infectious vectors.
“A warmer climate also leads to geographic spread of many infectious vectors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thunderstorms are increasing in intensity and frequency with climate change.
“which are increasing in intensity and frequency with climate change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anthropogenic disruption to our planet's natural systems comes back to affect all living things on earth.
“Anthropogenic disruption to our planet's natural systems comes back to affect all living things on earth.”
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Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Health Care
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Not every home is a haven: how policy and practice can address vulnerabilities in home-based care
Gray, T. F., Boyden, J. Y., Harrison, K. L., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2026.101614
Dwomoh, D., Jones, M. B., Otoo-Kati, F. B., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2026.100749
Alzahrani, J., Alobaid, D., Aldakkan, A., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7506038
- Authors
- Leap, S. R., Soled, D. R., Sampath, V., & Nadeau, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nadeau, Kari C.
- Venue
- Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-27
- ISSN
- 1081-1206 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11222027
- OpenAlex
- W4394987715
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- extreme weather events, health impacts of climate change, underserved populations, health disparities, social inequities, systemic racism, health care disparities, vulnerable populations
- MeSH terms
- Extreme Weather, Humans, Vulnerable Populations, Healthcare Disparities, Climate Change
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