Scent-marking strategies of a solitary carnivore: boundary and road scent marking in the leopard
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Variation in defecation likelihood has been observed before in other territorial mammal species in the context of human roads.
“Such a variation in defecation likelihood has been observed before in other territorial mammal species in the context of human roads (Krofel et al., 2017; Rafiq et al., 2020).”
From Fine-scale habitat requirements of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): Implications for rainforest conservation in West Africa (2026) · cites this paper as Rafiq et al., 2020
The ‘Scent marking on roads’ results (p. 14) report that leopards scent marked more frequently on roads than on natural routes, and the paper classifies defecating as a scent-marking behaviour (p. 28). It does not report a road-related difference in defecation likelihood specifically; the reported differences concern scent marking overall and scrape marks. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Sunquist, M., & Sunquist, F. (2002) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226518237.001.0001 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
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- Krofel, M., Hočevar, L., & Allen, M. L. (2017). Does human infrastructure shape scent marking in a solitary felid? Mammalian Biology , 87 , 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.003 Logan, K. A., & Sweanor, L. L. (2010). Behavior and social organization of a solitary carnivore. In Cougar Ecology and Conservation (pp. 105-117). Chicago, Illinois, USA: The University of Chicago Press. Macdonald, D. W., & Loveridge, A. J. (Eds.). (2010). Biology and conservation of wild felids . New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Mahon, P. S., Banks, P. B., & Dickman, C. R. (1998). Population indices for wild carnivores: a critical study in sand-dune habitat, south-western Queensland. Wildlife Research , 25 (1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1071/wr97007 Mizutani, F., & Jewell, P. A. (1998). Home-range and movements of leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya. Journal of Zoology , 244 (02), 269-286. https://doi.org/null Müller, C. A., & Manser, M. B. (2007). 'Nasty neighbours' rather than 'dear enemies' in a social carnivore. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 274 (1612), 959-965. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0222 Odden, M., Athreya, V., Rattan, S., & Linnell, J. D. C. (2014). Adaptable Neighbours: Movement Patterns of GPS-Collared Leopards in Human Dominated Landscapes in India. PLOS ONE , 9 (11), e112044. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112044 Parsons, M. H., Apfelbach, R., Banks, P. B., Cameron, E. Z., Dickman, C. R., Frank, A. S. K., … Blumstein, D. T. (2018). Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator-prey research across disciplines. Biological Reviews , 93 (1), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12334 Peres, C. A. (1989). Costs and benefits of territorial defense in wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 25 (3), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302922 Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., & Sakar, D. (2016). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models (Version 3.1-128). Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme · DOI · Paper page
- Zhou, Y., Chen, W., Buesching, C. D., Newman, C., Kaneko, Y., Xiang, M., … Xie, Z. (2015). Hog badger ( Arctonyx collaris ) latrine use in relation to food abundance: evidence of the scarce factor paradox. Ecosphere , 6 (1), art19. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00155.1 Zimmermann, B., Nelson, L., Wabakken, P., Sand, H., & Liberg, O. (2014). Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence. Behavioral Ecology , 25 (6), 1353-1364. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 Zub, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewska, B., Schmidt, K., & Kowalczyk, R. (2003). Wolf Pack Territory Marking in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland). Behaviour , 140 (5), 635-648. Zuur, A. F. (Ed.). (2009). Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R . New York, USA: Springer. · DOI
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Kempkes, J. B., Si, Y., van ’t Zelfde, M., Digbeu, H. E. O., Bogui, E. B., Ouattara, K., Koné, I., & Paris, M. (2026) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2026.e04346
- Authors
- Rafiq, K., Jordan, N. R., Meloro, C., Wilson, A. M., Hayward, M. W., Wich, S. A., & McNutt, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BW)
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia (AU)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rafiq, Kasim
- Venue
- Animal Behaviour
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 161
- Pages
- 115-126
- ISSN
- 0003-3472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007527515
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Animal Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- European Research Council (323041)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J018007/1)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/H013016/1)
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- scent marking, leopard, chemical communication, home range, social cohesion, solitary carnivores, anthropogenic landscapes, Botswana
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