Stability of fatty acids in grass and maize silages after exposure to air during the feed out period
Open accessAbstract
Lipids in forages are extensively hydrolysed in the silo with a concomitant increase in the level of free fatty acids (FFA). After opening of the silo, exposure of the FFA to air and light with, a concomitant increase in pH and microbial growth, could induce oxidization. The present study investigated the stability of FA in grass and maize silages exposed to air for 0, 12 and 24h. Eight maize silages were selected with varying dry matter (DM) contents, being very wet, wet, normal and dry. In addition, eight grass silages were chosen on the basis of ammonia (NH₃) concentration and pH level. Grass and maize silages were sampled 8-10 weeks after ensiling and anaerobically transported to the lab in cooled plastic bags. After mixing, each sample was divided into three subsamples and exposed to air for 0, 12 or 24h. Concentrations of individual FA were quantified by gas chromatography. Among the investigated silages, concentrations of total FA varied greatly and ranged from 16.4 to 23.9 and 9.5 to 21.6g/kg DM in grass and maize silages, respectively. Exposure to air up to 24h lowered (P<0.01) the contents of linolenic acid (C18:3), linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1) and total FA in maize silages. In grass silages, 24h exposure to air decreased (P<0.05) concentrations of C18:3, C18:2 and total FA (P<0.01). In both grass and maize silages a decline in concentrations of major unsaturated FA (UFA) was associated with a concomitant increase (P<0.01) in the proportion (g/g total FA) of palmitic acid (C16:0). The relative decrease in total FA after 24h exposure to air was higher in maize silages with a high moisture content, and progressively decreased with increasing DM content. In contrast, pH and NH₃ levels of grass silages had no effect on the stability of FA during feed out. The present study demonstrates that extended exposure of silages to air during feeding increased the proportion (g/g total FA) of C16:0 and lowered the concentration of polyunsaturated FA.
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Variation in maturity at ensiling affects silage DMI, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows.
“affecting silage DMI, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows.16 -21”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The available passages identify the paper and its topic but provide no findings on dairy cows. Searches for maturity at ensiling, milk yield, and silage dry-matter intake found no passage addressing the claimed effects. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased milk yield with replacement of grass silage with maize silage is primarily caused by the increase in ME intake.
“The increased milk yield with the replacement of grass silage with maize silage is primarily caused by the increase in ME intake.4,20,35,86”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The available indexed passages contain the paper’s title and bibliographic metadata, but no discussion of milk yield or metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Searches for the claimed effect and for milk yield and ME intake found no passage that addresses whether replacing grass silage with maize silage increases milk yield for that reason. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe efficiency of milk production is not improved by replacement of grass silage with maize silage.
“However, the efficiency of milk production is not improved.20”
From Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
The passages available from our copy contain bibliographic information but no findings on milk-production efficiency. Searches for grass-to-maize silage replacement, milk yield, and feed efficiency returned no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
Bal, M. A., Coors, J. G., & Shaver, R. D. (1997) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76202-7 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Shingfield, K. J., Reynolds, C. K., Lupoli, B., Toivonen, V., Yurawecz, M. P., Delmonte, P., Griinari, J. M., Grandison, A. S., & Beever, D. E. (2005) · Animal Science · doi:10.1079/asc41820225 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality
Khan, N. A., Yu, P., Ali, M., Cone, J. W., & Hendriks, W. H. (2015) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.6703 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationCauses of variation in fatty acid content and composition in grass and maize silages
Khan, N. A., Cone, J. W., Fievez, V., & Hendriks, W. H. (2012) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationSterk, A., Johansson, B. E. O., Taweel, H. Z. H., Murphy, M., van Vuuren, A. M., Hendriks, W. H., & Dijkstra, J. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4617 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationEllis, J. L., Hindrichsen, I. K., Klop, G., Kinley, R. D., Milora, N., Bannink, A., & Dijkstra, J. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10754 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Brüning, D., Gerlach, K., Weiß, K., & Südekum, K. ‐. (2018) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12288 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Khan, N. A., Tewoldebrhan, T. A., Zom, R. L. G., Cone, J. W., & Hendriks, W. H. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4701 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in fatty acid content and composition in silage maize during grain filling
Khan, N. A., Cone, J. W., Pellikaan, W. F., Khan, M. A., Struik, P. C., & Hendriks, W. H. (2011) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.4279 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Khan, N. A., Cone, J. W., & Hendriks, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Khan, N.A.
- Venue
- Animal Feed Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 183-192
- ISSN
- 0377-8401 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028814802
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Animal Feed Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Keywords
- free fatty acids, silage stability, grass silage, corn silage, air exposure, lipid oxidation, unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid, ammonia concentration
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