Thermochromic smart window technologies for building application: A review

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Thermochromic VO2 for Energy-Efficient Smart Windows

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Nanoceramic VO2 thermochromic smart glass: A review on progress in solution processing

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Switchable Materials for Smart Windows

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Daylight and energy performance optimization of thermochromic windows based on solar-related thermal comfort

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Thermochromic Color Switching to Temperature Controlled Volatile Memory and Counter Operations with Metal–Organic Complexes and Hybrid Gels

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Cost-Effective Smart Window: Transparency Modulation via Surface Contact Angle Controlled Mist Formation

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Optimizing Daylighting Typology in Religious Buildings: A Case Study of Electrochromic Glazing Integration in the Masjid Al-Shagroud

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Dynamic solutions for urban cooling: integrating thermochromism and photoluminescence in dynamic retroreflective skins for heat mitigation

Cavagnoli, S., Fabiani, C., & Pisello, A. L. (2025) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113659 · Cited by 4

Comparative analysis between constant and variable solar radiation reflectivity for exterior walls in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone

Meng, X., Wang, J., & Liu, S. (2022) · International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies · doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctac028 · Cited by 4

Influence of selective infrared emissivity design on the radiative cooling effect of windows: Laws exploration based on transient analysis

Xu, B. S., Fei, Y., Chen, X.-N., Xie, X., & Pei, G. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129884 · Cited by 4

Continuously irreversible thermochromic pigments: A-site mismatch driven color-evolution in La1-xLuxCrO3 (x= 0, 0.1, 0.2)

Wang, S., Xu, Z., Chen, F., Li, S., Bo, K., Guo, H., Yuan, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.159 · Cited by 3

Broadly Tunable Thermochromic Smart Windows Based on Maleimide Derivative‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone Copolymers With Inherent Stability, UV Shielding, and Active Photothermal/Electrothermal Modules

Li, Q., Wang, T., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Wang, L., & Yang, W. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202522619 · Cited by 3

Smart Material Technologies for Energy-Efficient Buildings in Iraq

Alyasari, H. I., Azzam, Z. N., Shalal, S. S., & Malik, Z. M. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19040990 · Cited by 3

Developing Excellent Thermo‐Optical Properties in Bi/Ta Doped AgNbO 3 Ceramics for Adaptive Thermal Management

Zhao, Z., Tong, L., Yang, X., Li, H., Gong, H., Wang, Z., Zhou, X., & Fan, T. (2026) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202503475 · Cited by 3

Submicron Metasurface Reconfigured Multiband Smart Windows

Wang, G., Wang, S., Li, B., Tian, X., Liu, R., Chen, J., Dai, Z., Tian, S., & Long, Y. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.76663 · Cited by 3

Examining the efficacy of cooling pad technology to address increasing building cooling demand in Latvia

Prozuments, A., Borodiņecs, A., Ļebedeva, K., & Palcikovskis, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2023.1258625 · Cited by 3

Hybrid Active–Passive Control of an Unconventional Smart Window Based on Dye‐Doped Dual‐Frequency Liquid Crystal

Sung, G.-F., & Lee, W. (2023) · Advanced Photonics Research · doi:10.1002/adpr.202300275 · Cited by 3

Evaluation of radiation-induced buoyant flow for building facades: A theoretical model for high-angle solar incidence

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Self-Supported MXene V4C3-Derived VO2 Thermochromic Smart Window Materials: In Situ Synthesis and Performance Enhancement

Tian, J., Liu, P., Zhao, Y., Zheng, W., Li, G., Han, C., Liu, W., Li, Q., Den, Z., Ma, X., et al. (2025) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00107 · Cited by 3

Study on the influence of key parameters of exterior window structure on building energy saving effect

Zhu, M., Diao, R., Fu, J., Jiang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/675/1/012051 · Cited by 3

Fast Optical‐Thermal Responsive Intelligent Glass Realized by Hydrated Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Film

Tang, S., Sang, X., Zhu, S., Ma, L., Tian, Y., & Luo, J. (2021) · Macromolecular Materials and Engineering · doi:10.1002/mame.202100272 · Cited by 3

Study of the Correlation among Luminous Properties of Smart Glazing for Adaptive Energy Saving Buildings

Piccolo, A., Prestipino, M., Panzera, M. F., & Baccoli, R. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13020337 · Cited by 3

In situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on pristine graphene and their applications in conductive ink

Zhu, L., Xu, Q., Guo, J. M., Niu, S.-L., Lu, B., & Yin, J. (2023) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-023-05751-0 · Cited by 3

Smart Façades: Technological Innovations in Dynamic and Advanced Glazed Building Skins for Energy Saving

Brunoro, S., & Frighi, V. (2023) · Civil engineering. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.113127 · Cited by 3

Water-induced highly transparent SiO2 porous ceramics with tunable visible transparency, anti-fogging and thermal insulation

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Significant dependence of the efficiency of energy-saving thermochromic VO2 on slight changes of its properties in the visible due to strain and/or vacancies

Houška, J. (2024) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2024.112973 · Cited by 3

Structural optimization of semitransparent power-generating window glass doped with core-shell nanoparticles

Chen, S., Guo, Y., Shen, C., & Shuai, Y. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.135539 · Cited by 3

A one-year field-scale experiment on the daylighting and building thermal performance of thermotropic window in subtropical area

Hong, X., Yang, F., Huang, Y., & Shi, F. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113050 · Cited by 3

Energy-efficient W-doped VO2-based smart glasses by glancing angle co-deposition and subsequent rapid thermal annealing

Santos, A. J., Casas-Acuña, A., Martin, N., Jiménez, J., Krystianiak, A., Heintz, O., Garcı́a, R., & Morales, F. M. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106323 · Cited by 2

Sustainable Thermochromic Hydrogels‐Based Energy‐Saving Smart Window with High Solar Modulation and Enhanced Privacy Protection

Ha, N. N., Tran, M. T., Ly, T. D., Tran, T. T., Luu, C. H., Huynh, N., Le, L., Huynh, N. T., & Phan, V. H. G. (2025) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.202500252 · Cited by 2

Color simulation and temperature distribution characteristics of reversible color-changing composite materials for self-detection of power equipment temperature

Dong, B., Chen, L. L., Meng, Y., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae1264 · Cited by 2

Performance Evaluation of Electrochromic Windows in Cold-Region University Classrooms: A Multi-Scale Simulation Study

Gao, F., Yao, X., Qiao, Z., & Xue, Y. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15203712 · Cited by 2

A multi-modal study on the metal-to-insulator transition and optoelectronic properties of laser-textured W-VO2 thin films

Calderón, J. L., Outón, J., Blanco, E., Domínguez, M., & Ramírez-del-Solar, M. (2025) · Materials Today Nano · doi:10.1016/j.mtnano.2025.100723 · Cited by 2

An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Ferroelastic Semiconductor with Thermochromic Effect

Wang, M., Yuan, H., Gu, F.-Y., Hu, W., Tang, Y., & Song, X. (2026) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c05593 · Cited by 2

Thermal-optical-electrical performance of combined photovoltaic-polymer dispersed liquid crystal for switchable BIPV-smart window

Ghosh, A. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115655 · Cited by 2

Electrospun nanofiber composite for stable and scalable VO 2 -based thermochromic smart windows: energy and environmental analysis

Fox, D. W., Mofid, S. A., Biswas, A., Moazami, A., Shabbir, M. W., Sip, Y. Y. L., Mazaheri, A., Chanda, D., & Zhai, L. (2026) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d5nr04565g · Cited by 2

Methodology for integrated building energy modeling and impact assessment of urban energy system scenarios

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Passive Window Energy Performance in Buildings: Modeling of Apartment Buildings in Indonesia

Hendinata, L. K., Siddiq, N. A., Fikri, A. I. R., Suprapto, M. A., & Prilia, R. (2023) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture · doi:10.24002/jarina.v2i2.6729 · Cited by 2

Analysis of Energy Efficiency Benefits of Smart Glazed Overhangs for Office Buildings in France

Corlouer, M., & Krarti, M. (2023) · ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities · doi:10.1115/1.4063393 · Cited by 2

The Ambiguous Origin of Thermochromism in Molecular Crystals of Dichalcogenides: Chalcogen Bonds versus Dynamic Se−Se/Te−Te Bonds

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Chemical Vapor Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide for Thermochromic Smart Window Applications

Ke, B. A. O., & Xijun, L. I. (2023) · Journal of Inorganic Materials · doi:10.15541/jim20230386 · Cited by 2

Picosecond Laser-Induced Bump Formation on Coated Glass for Smart Window Manufacturing

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Energy-saving potential of thermochromic coatings in transparent building envelope components

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One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Structures for Thermochromic Glass Applications

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Impact Analysis of Building Structure on Building Envelope Design in the Context of Sustainability

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Magnetically Driven Quantum Phase Transition in a Low-Dimensional Pyrazine-Bridged Cu2+ Chain Magnet

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Innovation Index as a Criterion for the of Building Materials and Products Novelty Level

AKULOVA, I. I., Slavcheva, G., & Бабенко, Д. С. (2025) · Stroitel nye Materialy · doi:10.31659/0585-430x-2025-838-8-64-74 · Cited by 2

Thermally cured PEGMA-co-PEGDMA/PVAc electrolytes with synergistically enhanced mechanical and electrochemical properties for flexible electrochromic devices

Park, H.-J., Lee, J., Lee, C., Kim, T., & Kang, M. (2025) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147634 · Cited by 2

Assessment of Gel-Based Thermochromic Glazing for Energy Efficiency in Architectural Applications

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Multi-channel transport with inter-digitated electrode-enabled flexible transparent heater for optical and thermal regulations

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CuxTi1-xO2 buffer layers in VO2–based smart windows – a viable compromise towards large-scale industrial production

Lu, H., Becker, M., Dornseifer, J. L., Polity, A., & Klar, P. J. (2025) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114016 · Cited by 1

Amphiphilic Block Copolymer‐Functionalized VO 2 Nanocomposites for Smart Waterborne Polyurethane Coatings

Zhao, X., Sun, J., Ying, S., Geng, R., Feng, J., Ma, J., Hu, R., Zhao, P., Jiang, X., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Rare Metals · doi:10.1002/rar2.70187 · Cited by 1

Multifunctional ion-conductive hydrogels for energy regulation and fire-safety systems enabled by thermoresponsive micelle assembly

Li, Y., Pan, Z., Zhang, S., Luo, Y., Ren, R., Lam, H. K., Lei, D., Phan, V. H. G., Thambi, T., & Li, Y. (2026) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2026.140215 · Cited by 1

Electrically tunable UV–visible modulation and voltage-controlled quantum dot emission via polymer network liquid crystals

Ramadas, A., Patekari, M. D., Lee, S. H., & Kim, M. (2026) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-026-00578-w · Cited by 1

A Review of Thermochromic Materials for Passive Adaptive Solar Regulation in Buildings: Mechanisms, Performance and Applications

Chen, C., Huang, K., Gui, Y., Huang, X., & Wang, C. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18094158 · Cited by 1

Experimental investigation of indoor daylighting of smart windows filled with Cu2+ solution

Xie, H., Li, S., Zhang, C., Li, D., Wang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114653 · Cited by 1

Energy-efficient smart windows based on Na 2 SiO 3 /PNIPAM-HPC composite hydrogels with tunable phase transition

Sun, J., Yao, K., Liu, S., Hu, Z., Ke, Y., Guan, Y., Xiao, L., Wei, H., Zeng, X., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ae72d8 · Cited by 1

Materials, performance, and control strategies for electrochromic windows: a review

Wen, J., Zhang, Z., Fu, W., Mao, W., & Meng, X. (2026) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-026-15709-8 · Cited by 1

Multifunctional Luminescent Solar Concentrator Integrating Optical Thermometry Based on PMMA/Eu III -Complex Films for Smart Windows

Canisares, F. S. M., Corrêa, M. V., Izidoro, J., Santos, P. R. S., Honorato, J., Ellena, J. A., Junior, A. G. B., Felinto, M. C. F. C., Malta, O. L., & de Brito, H. F. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c03810 · Cited by 1

Surrogate-assisted NSGA-III optimization of thermochromic Trombe walls

Sheikhveisi, A. M., Sheikhveisi, Q., & Akbari, A. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114884 · Cited by 1

Advanced Dual−Function Hollow Copper−Sulfide−Based Polyimide Composite Window Film Combining Near−Infrared Thermal Shielding and Organic Pollutants’ Photodegradation

Liu, X., Ma, J., Shen, J., Zhao, J., Lu, C., & Tu, G. (2022) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym14163382 · Cited by 1

Smart window based on integration of nanoporous microparticles in liquid crystal composite with metamaterial nanostructured VO2 film

Barinova, S., Bhupathi, S., Kazansky, P. G., Long, Y., & Abdulhalim, I. S. (2024) · Liquid Crystals Optics and Photonic Devices · doi:10.1117/12.3016958 · Cited by 1

Metal-Oxide Based Transparent Heater with Interdigitated Electrodes

Lee, J., Choi, C., Muhammad, K., Priyanka, B., Malkeshkumar, P., & Kim, J. (2024) · Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society · doi:10.7836/kses.2024.44.3.055 · Cited by 1

Performance analysis of a novel photocatalytic double-layer ventilation window

Chen, H., Hong, T., Peng, M., Liu, Y., Du, P., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., & Yang, H. (2024) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115062 · Cited by 1

Integration of Thermo-Responsive Materials Applied to Bio-Inspired Structures

Lima, E. C. D. S., Ferreira, H., Mateus, L. M. C., & de Arruda, A. J. V. (2025) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics10020068 · Cited by 1

Modelling and artificial intelligence technologies in modern approaches to automation of metallurgical industries

Gerashchenko, V., Kulmurodova, N., & Kulmurodov, Z. (2025) · ITM Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/itmconf/20257202005 · Cited by 1

Investigation on the optical path of aerogel glazing system based on the 3D structure

Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Li, X., Chen, Y., Lu, L., Wu, X., & Zheng, H. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.135658 · Cited by 1

Active, Tunable, and Reconfigurable Nanophotonics

Badloe, T., Jang, J., Jeong, H., Jeong, M., Kim, I., Ko, B., Lee, J., Lee, T., Moon, S., Oh, D. K., et al. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527833030.ch9 · Cited by 1

Inorganic Thermochromics and Photochromics

Österlund, L., Montero, J., & Niklasson, G. A. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394159109.ch7 · Cited by 1

Detecting occupancy behaviour of buildings through environment monitoring sensing

Yahaya, B. F., Usman, A. J., & Uwa, J. N. (2022) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.1.0724

Towards the Scale-Up of Solid-State, Low-Emissive Electrochromic Films with Novel Electrolyte Formulations, Fabricated at Room TemperaturePreprint

Cannavale, A., Pugliese, M., Giannuzzi, R., Scarfiello, R., Prontera, C. T., Primiceri, V., Mazzeo, M., Martellotta, F., Ayr, U., Fiorito, F., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4021950

Advanced Dual-Function Hollow Cu2-Xs-Based Polyimide Composite Window Film Combining Near-Infrared Thermal Shielding and Formaldehyde PhotodegradationPreprint

Liu, X., Ma, J., Shen, J., Lu, C., & Tu, G. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4093865

Dynamic Electro-, Mechanochromic Materials and Structures for Multifunctional Smart Windows

Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Yin, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09695-2_3

Analysis of energy-saving technologies in a smart city

Nazarov, D., Nazarov, A., & Ţălu, Ş. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0106670

Highly Flexible and Transparent Electrodes for High-Performance Thin-Film Heaters with Nanostructured Micromesh Cu–Ag Ultrathin FilmsPreprint

Han, S., Park, S. J., Jung, D., Hwang, S. H., Lee, H., & Yang, C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4512667

Thermo-responsive smart glass

Wang, T., & Jeng, S. (2023) · Microoptics Conference · doi:10.23919/moc58607.2023.10302862

Analise Dinâmica do Desempenho Energético de um Envidraçado Termocrómico em Diferentes Zonas Climáticas de Portugal

Teixeira, H., Gomes, M. G., Rodrigues, A. M., & Aelenei, D. (2023) · Engenharia Civil UM · doi:10.21814/ecum.5550

Regulate solar irradiation with smart microshutters

Jiang, K., Sun, Z., Fan, X., Tang, X., Li, G., Li, M., Qiu, T., & Hao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Coatings Technology and Research · doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00881-5

Cooling Effect Analysis of Solar Control Films in Buildings: A Reduced-Scale Field Experiment in GuangzhouPreprint

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The thermochromic characteristics of ITO/VO2 composite films on SiO2 nanospheres

Zeng, X., Zhou, L., Wei, M., Wang, D., He, L., & Qi, D. (2024) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-024-12539-y

All Transparent Heater Based On Metal Oxide

Cho, S., Kim, H., Lee, J., Yun, S., & Kim, J. (2025) · Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society · doi:10.7836/kses.2025.45.1.039

The photoelectrochromic performance of a Nb-doped TiO2 colloid in DMF

Eglı̅tis, R., Timusk, M., Das, A., & Šutka, A. (2025) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116406

Evaluation of the Effect of Pcm-Integrated Vertical Shading Devices on the Energy Performance of Buildings with Glass FacadesPreprint

çelik, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5254878

Tailoring Monofluoride Substitution in a 2D Copper Chloride Perovskite Showing Thermochromism and High‐Temperature Dielectric Switching

Zhang, Q., Xu, Z., Zou, H., Qin, Y. F., Li, P., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202500602

Life Cycle Evaluation of Smart Solar Windows Used in Buildings

Jahangir, M. H., & Aboutorabi, R. S. S. (2025) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94422-2_5

Morphology and crystallinity control of WO3 films prepared by anodization using different electrolyte and applied voltagePreprint

Thongsuk, W., Thongjoon, W., Aiempanakit, M., Aiempanakit, C., & Aiempanakit, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5441155

Metasurface-Engineered Glass for Green Buildings

Teng, T.-C., & Peng, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152011062

Structural design and performance evaluation of a high-transparency thermal insulation film suitable for multiple scenarios

Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y., Xing, H., Yang, S., Ji, J., Zhang, W., & Wang, W. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d5tc03288a

Developing thermochromic cotton fabric production for smart textile applications

Toprak-Cavdur, T., Gebizli, Ş. D., Tezel, S., Tiritoğlu, M., & Orhan, M. (2025) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-025-06888-y

Detecting the cause of window glazing degradation. Measurement of glazing properties in situ.

Bartko, M., & Ďurica, P. (2025) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012038

Overview on lightweight multifunctional materials

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