Thermochromic smart window technologies for building application: A review

Oxides Which Show a Metal-to-Insulator Transition at the Neel Temperature

Morin, F. (1959) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.3.34 · Cited by 3,853

Photo-, Thermo-, Solvato-, and Electrochromic Spiroheterocyclic Compounds

Minkin, V. I. (2004) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr020088u · Cited by 939

Thermochromic VO2 for Energy-Efficient Smart Windows

Cui, Y., Ke, Y., Liu, C., Chen, Z., Wang, N., Zhang, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, S., Gao, Y., & Long, Y. (2018) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.06.018 · Cited by 926

Useful daylight illuminance: a new paradigm for assessing daylight in buildings

Nabil, A., & Mardaljevic, J. (2005) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1191/1365782805li128oa · Cited by 675

Nanoceramic VO2 thermochromic smart glass: A review on progress in solution processing

Gao, Y., Luo, H., Zhang, Z., Kang, L., Chen, Z., Du, J. H., Kanehira, M., & Cao, C. (2011) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2011.12.002 · Cited by 632

Fenestration of today and tomorrow: A state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities

Jelle, B. P., Hynd, A., Gustavsen, A., Arasteh, D., Goudey, H., & Hart, R. (2011) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.010 · Cited by 554

Switchable Materials for Smart Windows

Wang, Y., Runnerstrom, E. L., & Milliron, D. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034647 · Cited by 513

Active dynamic windows for buildings: A review

Casini, M. (2018) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.049 · Cited by 406

Development and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings and urban structures

Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Apostolakis, K., Synnefa, A., & Livada, I. (2008) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.005 · Cited by 388

Building information modelling based building energy modelling: A review

Gao, H., Koch, C., & Wu, Y. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.032 · Cited by 351

A self-heating ITO/VO2/Ag/ITO/glass multilayer structure for next-generation active smart windows

Kim, W. K., Kim, S. S., Yoon, J.-H., Kim, S. S., & Song, P. (2026) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114385

Analysis of Light Environment and Energy Performance of Smart Farms with Thermochromic Window Application

Seo, J., Choi, D.-S., Jung, Y.-H., & Park, D.-Y. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19102376

Nb-Doped VO 2 -Based Coatings on Glass: Substrate Effects, Thermochromic Performance, and an Effective Transition Temperature for Smart-Glazing Applications

Santos, A. J., Casas-Acuña, A., Mánuel, J., Jiménez, J. J., Obrero-Pérez, J. M., Benedetto, D., Martin, N., & Morales, F. M. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c03088

Engineering PVA/PNIPAm/NaCl Composite Hydrogels with Programmable Thermochromic Response and Synergistic Mechanical Performance for Smart Window ApplicationsPreprint

Xu, Q., Yu, J., Pan, K., Zhang, Q., Wei, M., & Chen, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6995711

Redefining sustainability in travel and hospitality to achieve net-zero tourism

Olawade, D. B., Wada, O. Z., Ijiwade, J. O., & Adeniji, Y. J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44454-8.00017-0

Concentration gradient engineering optimizes the phase transition optical response of W-VO2 thin films for high-performance thermochromic smart windows

Liang, J., Bai, Y., & Fatima, A. (2026) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0338079

Adjustable window-Trombe wall composite envelope for solar heating: A laboratory experimental study of thermal performance under different operating conditions

Ye, Y., Qiao, Y., Liu, Y., Jiang, S., Wang, J., Li, F., & Yang, L. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114965

Photo/Thermal Dual‐Responsive Nanocomposite Organohydrogel Smart Window With Intrinsic UV Shielding for Selective Light Management and Synergistic Cooling

Huang, X., Zhang, L. D., Ma, Y., Lan, T., Shao, C., Sun, W., Sun, T., Tong, Z., & Wang, T. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.76930

All‐Dielectric‐Based Highly Transparent Self‐Cleaning Coating for Efficient Solar Heat and UV Blocking in Single‐Pane Glass Windows

Das, S., Ganesha, M. K., Biswas, D., Hakkeem, H., Seneen, F., Singh, A. K., & Sikdar, D. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.77266

Dual mode thermal regulating materials for building envelopes: A review of mechanisms, performance and applications

Meng, F., Nguyen, D. M., Gao, Z. J., Yu, W., Fan, Z., Wang, H., Hang, J., Zhao, Z., Zhu, X., & Xu, F. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.115051

Thermochromic Materials for Adaptive and Intelligent Engineering Systems: A Critical and Comparative Review of Switching Physics, Material Platforms, Manufacturability, and Deployment

Hakami, A. (2026) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/er/8832692

Smart Window as a Sustainable Energy Technology for Decarbonization-Recent Innovations

Aggarwal, K., Madan, S., Chawla, R., & Khushbu (2026) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-4005-0_16

Dynamic simulation of conventional and smart glazing systems: derivation and integration of a temperature-dependent solar factor model

CHERIFZAOUI, S., Khattabi, E. M. E., Zouini, M., Krimi, Z. E., ALAMA, M. A., Bousseta, M., & Boutahir, M. (2026) · Advances in Building Energy Research · doi:10.1080/17512549.2026.2714036

Nanothermochromic smart windows: Nanostructures, doping and multifunctional strategies for high thermochromic performance

Gómez, L. A. O., Escobar-Alarcón, L., & Esquivel, K. (2026) · Emergent Materials · doi:10.1007/s42247-026-01501-9

Improving the energy efficiency of existing building external windows: Insights from integrated renovation technologies

Wang, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., & Ye, P. (2026) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109616

Climate-adaptive design of multi-stage wide-temperature-range thermochromic windows for building energy savings in different climates

Tian, L., Duan, Z., Ren, B., Yang, Y., Tang, H., Lin, B., & Sun, H. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.142279

A triple-mode VO2/hydrogel multilayer smart window for balancing daylighting and building energy performance

Xiahou, G., Duan, M., Guo, C., Wang, J., Ji, Y., Zhao, Q., & Zhao, D. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118215

Thermochromic smart windows toward climate-resilient and energy efficient buildings: from lab to applications

Ma, Liu, S., Wang, J., Haghighat, F., & Cao, S.-J. (2026) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.09.031

Thermochromic Programmable Metamaterial Particle Ensembles

Ivarson, J., Scharck, L., Barona-Mejía, A. S., Postigo, L. M., Handel, K., Bader, L., David, A. E., Mulvaney, J. W., Sais, A. J., & Guzzetti, D. (2026) · Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets · doi:10.2514/1.a36612

Design-to-operation optimization of low-energy high-rise buildings integrating PV vacuum glazing and hybrid storage with flexible grid-interaction

Xie, J., Yan, T., Wu, J., Ou, J., Xie, Z., Liu, J., & Wu, H. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128802

A comparative study of the long-term performance of hybrid organic-inorganic thermochromic coatings under natural and accelerated aging

Hidalgo-Araujo, A. C., Dornelles, K. A., Fernandes, L., Andreto, C. G., Berardi, U., & Salomão, R. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.117384

Spectral machine-learning for optimisation and mechanistic understanding of photo-conditioning in Prussian blue/tungsten oxide complementary electrochromic devices

Taguchi, R., Watanabe, H., Nakano, K., Kubota, T., & Tajima, K. (2026) · Materials Advances · doi:10.1039/d6ma01219a

Multi-stage thermochromic smart windows: Response design optimization for building energy efficiency and climate adaptability

Tian, L., Yang, Y., Duan, Z., Sun, H., & Lin, B. (2026) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2026.126582

Navigating the evolving strategies and tools for building energy efficiency

Atta, I., Bakhoum, E. S., & Marzouk, M. M. (2026) · Energy Efficiency · doi:10.1007/s12053-026-10477-8

Introduction of Smart Polymers in Sensing Technologies

Aina, A. N., Rizal, M. A. M., Saad, A. P. M., Majid, R. A., Sheng, D. D. C. V., Rased, M. F. A., Hasan, M. D. A., & Rani, M. F. H. (2026) · Springer series in materials science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21977-0_1

Energy modelling and saving potential of polymeric solar-responsive thermochromic window films

Khaled, K., Berardi, U., & Liao, Z. (2022) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2022.08.008 · Cited by 39

Optimisation of Thermochromic Thin Films on Glass; Design of Intelligent Windows

Saeli, M., Piccirillo, C., Parkin, I. P., Binions, R., & Ridley, I. A. (2010) · Advances in science and technology · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.79 · Cited by 4

Energy performance of thermochromic smart windows in office buildings in different climate zones

Wu, S., Sun, H., Duan, M., Lin, B., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Building Simulation Conference proceedings · doi:10.26868/25222708.2023.1149 · Cited by 6

Smart windows – Transmittance tuned thermochromic coatings for dynamic control of building performance

Aburas, M., Ebendorff‐Heidepriem, H., Lei, L., Li, M., Zhao, J., Williamson, T., Wu, Y., & Soebarto, V. I. (2021) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110717 · Cited by 84

Evaluation of the thermal and optical performance of thermochromic windows for office buildings in China

Liang, R., Sun, Y., Aburas, M., Wilson, R., & Wu, Y. (2018) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.009 · Cited by 104