Early intervention service intensity and change in children’s functional capabilities
Open accessAbstract
Objective To estimate correlates of early intervention (EI) service dosage and gains in children's functional capabilities from EI entry and discharge.Design Retrospective cohort study.Setting Secondary analyses of a subset of data (N=1005) collected from an EI administrative database on children discharged from a large, urban EI program between October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2016.Participants Children who were EI eligible due to developmental delay, had received an EI care plan and at least 1 billable EI service, and had outcomes data at EI entry and exit (N=1005). Measured child characteristics included age (49.0% 12-24mo; n=492), sex (36.0% female; n=362), number of developmental delays (76.1% had 1 developmental delay; n=765), and number of EI services received (78.5% received multiple; n=789).Intervention Not applicable.Main outcome measures Outcomes were EI service intensity (hours per month) and change in functional capabilities as measured via the state-mandated Child Outcomes Summary (COS). Adjusted quantile median regression estimated EI intensity. Adjusted linear regression estimated change in function for social-emotional, cognitive, and adaptive domains of the COS. Measures of children's developmental delay severity, age at EI entry, race and ethnicity, sex, and language.Results Children older than 24 months old experienced significantly higher EI service intensity (b=0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.63). Child age and EI service intensity were significantly linked to gains in social and cognitive COS score changes from EI entry to exit.Conclusions Older children receive a higher intensity of EI services. EI service intensity and age were linked with positive changes in functional gains.
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Early identification and intervention for the 1 in 6 children with DDs have been shown to improve outcomes.
“Early identification and intervention for the 1 in 6 children with DDs have been shown to improve outcomes.79–83”
From Evidence-Informed Milestones for Developmental Surveillance Tools (2022) · cites this paper as [81]
The Results (Change in Activity Competence, page unavailable) link greater early-intervention service intensity with gains in social-emotional and cognitive capabilities among children receiving services. The paper does not establish that early identification improves outcomes or state that 1 in 6 children have developmental disabilities; its reported relationship is an association, not proof of a causal effect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Richardson, Z. S., Scully, E. A., Dooling-Litfin, J. K., Murphy, N. J., Rigau, B., Khetani, M. A., & McManus, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Rocky Mountain Human Services (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khetani, Mary A.
- Venue
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 815-821
- ISSN
- 0003-9993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7183419
- OpenAlex
- W2991193083
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K12 HD05593, 1R03HD084909-01A1, P2CHD065702)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- early intervention, service intensity, functional outcome, developmental delay, social-emotional development, cognitive development, adaptive behavior, child age, intervention dosage, children with disabilities
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Occupational Therapy, Patient Care Planning, Retrospective Studies, Speech Therapy, Cohort Studies, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Early Intervention, Educational, Physical Therapy Modalities, Social Skills
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