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Should children drink more water?
Open accessAbstract
While dehydration has well-documented negative effects on adult cognition, there is little research on hydration and cognitive performance in children. We investigated whether having a drink of water improved children's performance on cognitive tasks. Fifty-eight children aged 7-9 years old were randomly allocated to a group that received additional water or a group that did not. Results showed that children who drank additional water rated themselves as significantly less thirsty than the comparison group (p=0.002), and they performed better on visual attention tasks (letter cancellation, p=0.02; spot the difference memory tasks, ps=0.019 and 0.014).
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“access to drinking water helps students increase water consumption and maintain adequate hydration”
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“which is associated with improved cognitive functioning.49–51”
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InfluentialSelf-citationFeeling smart: Effects of caffeine and glucose on cognition, mood and self-judgment
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Fledderjohann, J., Doyle, P., Campbell, O. M. R., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Basu, S., & Stückler, D. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1946-4 · Cited by 7
Maintaining Euhydration Preserves Cognitive Performance, But Is Not Superior to Hypohydration
Goodman, S. P. J., Moreland, A. T., & Marino, F. E. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00123-w · Cited by 7
García, A. I. L., Samaniego-Vaesken, M. D. L., Partearroyo, T., & Varela‐Moreiras, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030565 · Cited by 7
Cognitive Assessments in Hydration Research Involving Children: Methods and Considerations
Westfall, D. R., Logan, N. E., Khan, N. A., & Hillman, C. H. (2019) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000500341 · Cited by 7
Huang, S., Kupor, D. M., Maimaran, M., & Weihrauch, A. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/700843 · Cited by 6
Coughing Can Be Modulated by the Hydration Status in Adolescents with Asthma
Zanasi, A., & Negro, R. W. D. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9040577 · Cited by 6
The development of the predisposition to dehydration questionnaire
Benton, D., Young, H. A., & Jenkins, K. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.029 · Cited by 6
Zhang, N., Du, S., Tang, Z., Zheng, M., & Ma, G. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14090966 · Cited by 6
Cousins, A. L., Young, H. A., Thomas, A. G., & Benton, D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092002 · Cited by 6
“However, although it is unlikely to gross 393 changes in tissue dehydration, there must be a mechanism by which a minor loss of body fluid 394 adversely influences mood and cognitive functioning [4-9,18] (Figures 1,2).”
BackgroundRamadan Fasting and the Propensity for Learning: Is There a Cause for Concern?
Masismadi, N. A., Lee, M. J. C., Muhamed, A. M. C., Chia, M., & Aziz, A. R. (2017) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2016.1270658 · Cited by 8
Coudevylle, G. R., Sinnapah, S., Hüe, O., Robin, N., & Popa-Roch, M. (2020) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.2.0205 · Cited by 5
Prevalência e intensidade da sede de crianças no pós-operatório imediato
Riviera, A. A., Pierotti, I., de Mello, C. R. L., Birolim, M. M., & Fonseca, L. F. (2022) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2022ao02931 · Cited by 5
Edmonds, C. J., Beeley, J., Rizzo, I., Booth, P., & Gardner, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00225-4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMeyer, F., Timmons, B. W., Wilk, B., & Leites, G. T. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00046-1 · Cited by 5
Edmonds, C. J., Skeete, J., Klamerus, E., & Gardner, M. R. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01229-8 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGriebler, U., Titscher, V., Weber, M., & Affengruber, L. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021003438 · Cited by 5
“water consumption has been shown to benefit cognitive performance(24), short-term memory(21) and both visual attention and fine motor skills in schoolchildren(25,26).”
BackgroundCoe, S., & Williams, R. (2011) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01899.x · Cited by 5
Venkatesan, K., Chidambaram, K., Paulsamy, P., Ramaiah, R., Alqahtani, A., Venkatesan, K., Pappiya, E. M., Devidi, S., & Krishnaraju, K. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040406 · Cited by 4
Hydration and Cognitive Task Performance in Children: A Systematic Review
Almalki, J. A., Knight, S. N., Poulos, S. P., Stanfield, L., Killen, L. G., Waldman, H. S., & O'Neal, E. K. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-022-00249-4 · Cited by 4
“In 2011, Benton provided a narrative recap of three published articles (Benton & Burgess, 2009; Edmonds & Burford, 2009; Edmonds & Jeffes, 2009) positing a strong case that acute fluid intake more consistently results in cognitive enhancement in children than adult populations.”
BackgroundTHERMOREGULATION IN CHILDREN: EXERCISE, HEAT STRESS & FLUID BALANCE
Morrison, S. A., & Sims, S. T. (2014) · Annales Kinesiologiae · Cited by 4
Water: The Cinderella Nutrient
Benton, D., & Young, H. A. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz226 · Cited by 4
Gonçalves, C., Abreu, S., Padrão, P., Pinho, O., Graça, P., Breda, J., Santos, R., & Moreira, P. A. M. (2015) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-015-0013-y · Cited by 4
“Background The preservation of an adequate hydration status (HS) in adolescents has been recognized as important and related to the ability to regulate body temperature and cognitive performance [1].”
Water, Hydration Status and Cognitive Performance
Edmonds, C. J. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-00689-9_11 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHydration, mood, and cognition in primary school aged children in the United Kingdom
Roberts, C., Boak, K., McCullogh, N., Brownlee, I. A., Haskell‐Ramsay, C. F., James, L. J., Green, B., Tempest, G. D., Bruce‐Martin, C., & Rumbold, P. L. S. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115073 · Cited by 4
Nejati, V., Estaji, R., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Balota, D. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Bell, M. D., Berry, J. H., Borhani, K., Cullum, C. M., Feinstein, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87380-2 · Cited by 3
Ravančić, M. E., Obradović, V., & Vraneković, J. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14111910 · Cited by 6
“Studies conducted across European countries have shown that over 80% of children consume less water than the recommended daily intake [67,68].”
Parker, M. K., Davy, B. M., & Hedrick, V. E. (2021) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00376-y · Cited by 3
Booth, P., Hunyadvari, N., Dawkins, L., Moore, D., Gentile-Rapinett, G., & Edmonds, C. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00232-5 · Cited by 2
“Conversely no effects of drinking water have been found on simpler tasks such as manual line tracing task which requires hand–eye coordination (Edmonds & Burford, 2009; Edmonds & Jeffes, 2009; Chard et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Edmonds, C. J., & Burford, D.
- Affiliations
- University of East London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Edmonds, Caroline J.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 776-779
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W195970758
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.uel.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (acceptedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
- Keywords
- hydration, water intake, children, cognitive performance, visual attention, thirst perception, memory
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Body Water, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cognition, Dehydration, Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychometrics, Task Performance and Analysis, Thirst, Vision, Ocular, Water-Electrolyte Balance
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