Factors determining the effects of human interaction on the cortisol levels of shelter dogs
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Previous research in shelter dogs has demonstrated reductions in behavioral and physiological indicators of negative affect through provisions of positive human-animal interactions.
“While research to date has not specifically explored ways to reduce excessive arousal, previous research in shelter dogs has demonstrated reductions in behavioral (e.g., vocalizations, panting) and physiological (e.g., heart rate and cortisol) indicators of negative affect through provisions of positive human-animal interactions, such as petting sessions or physical exercise (4, 27–33).”
From Combined enrichment and pharmaceutical intervention reduces excessive arousal in shelter dogs in a randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
The Discussion reports that petting reduced anxiety and excitement behaviors and cortisol responses in shelter dogs; it also describes cortisol reductions with walking and exercise. The cited paper does not report a reduction in heart rate from positive human interaction—the only heart-rate mention found is in a reference title. It also notes that the cortisol effect was temporary and was not significant in dogs relinquished by their owners. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin
McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121254109 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2006) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.005 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs
Beerda, B., Schilder, M. B. H., van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M., & de Vries, H. W. (1997) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01131-8 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Hennessy, M. B., T. Williams, M., Miller, D. D., Douglas, C. W., & Voith, V. L. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00179-8 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hennessy, M.B., 2013. Using hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal measures for assessing and reducing the stress of dogs in shelters: A review. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 149, 1-12.
- Reimers, T.J., Cowan, R.G., Davidson, H.P., & Colby, E.D. (1981). Validation of radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in canine, feline, and equine sera. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 2016-2021.
- Voith V.L., Borchelt, P.L., (Eds) Readings in Companion Animal Behavior, Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton NJ, pp. 124-139.
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Cisneros, A., O’Hanley, K., Moody, C. M., & Stellato, A. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1931203
- Authors
- Willen, R. M., Mutwill, A., MacDonald, L. J., Schiml, P. A., & Hennessy, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Wright State University (US)
- University of Münster (DE)
- College of Wooster (US)
- Corresponding author
- Willen, Regina M.
- Venue
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 41-48
- ISSN
- 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2550370520
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- rave.ohiolink.edu
- Locations
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion)
- OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) (submittedVersion)
- CORE Scholar (Wright State University) (submittedVersion)
- Journal of Bioresource Management (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- WALTHAM Foundation
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- shelter dogs, human interaction, petting, plasma cortisol, hair cortisol, canine stress, stray dogs, dog behavior, vocalizations, panting, escape attempts, tail wagging, Cushing's disease, animal welfare
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