Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Abstract
Short-term changes in activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system are routinely assessed by measuring glucocorticoid or metabolite concentrations in plasma, saliva, urine, or feces. However, there are no current methods for determining long-term (i.e., weeks or months) activity of this system. Herein, we describe the development and validation of a simple procedure for measuring cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. This procedure involves two brief isopropanol washes of the hair strands to remove surface contaminants, subsequent powdering of the washed and dried hair, a 24-h methanol extraction followed by evaporation of the solvent and reconstitution of the extract in assay buffer, and finally analysis of the extracted cortisol by a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay. Our results confirm the specificity of the procedure for cortisol, show that proximal and distal segments of hair do not differ in their cortisol concentration, and demonstrate that a significant and prolonged stressful experience produces a significant increase in hair cortisol. This new procedure should be valuable for assessing baseline HPA activity in nonhuman primates (and, with appropriate validation, in other species as well) over relatively long periods of time, and also for monitoring chronic stress that might be associated with various experimental manipulations.
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The initial sharp increase provides prospective validation of the hair cortisol method as a field-friendly biological marker of stress exposure.
“providing prospective validation of the hair cortisol method as a field-friendly biological marker of stress exposure”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Davenport et al., 2006
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“Further, hair cortisol levels do not differ between proximal and distal portions of the hair shaft (Davenport et al. 2006), unless there is an underlying change in cortisol exposure.”
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“Keywords: Stress, hair cortisol, confounder, age, sex, colour”
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“The validity of hair cortisol as a retrospective index of longterm cortisol secretion has now been supported by research using a range of different paradigms, both in animals (Davenport et al., 2006; Accorsi et al., 2008) as well as in human participants (Sauve et al.”
MethodCohort Profile: The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (FinnBrain)
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“In male rhesus macaques, strong positive correlations between hair cortisol and mean salivary cortisol levels have been reported (Davenport et al., 2006) and in domestic cats and dogs, hair cortisol levels correlated strongly with cortisol concentrations in faeces (Accorsi et al., 2008).”
The Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat
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“Isopropanol Wash Isopropranol is the standard wash solvent when preparing hair for cortisol analysis.(18) Isopropanol is thought to be the most effective solvent for removing glucocorticoid contaminants while maintaining the endogenous cortisol content found inside the medulla of the hair shaft.”
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“Following washing and sample extraction (35), cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as previously described (36).”
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“…indeed reflect adrenal production stems from the data indicating (a) high correlations between hair cortisol levels and salivary cortisol levels (Davenport et al. 2006; D’Anna-Hernandez et al. 2011), (b) high hair cortisol levels in known hypercortisolemic states (i.e. Cushing’s Syndrome,…”
Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys
Feng, X., Wang, L., Yang, S., Qin, D., Wang, J., Li, C., Lv, L., Ma, Y., & Hu, X. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010943108 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“The hair sampling technique has been available in rhesus macaques (36, 34, 37) and is a unique tool for assessing longterm changes in HPA system activity (36).”
InfluentialCortisol in hair, body mass index and stress-related measures
Tobias Stalder, A., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Miller, R. E., Gao, W., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
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Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kolassa, I., Stalder, T., Pfeiffer, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Elbert, T. R. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.012 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
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“A recent study of endogenous hair cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques identified long-term activity of the HPA system as a result of chronic stress [”
BackgroundElevated hair cortisol concentrations in endurance athletes
Skoluda, N., Dettenborn, L., Tobias Stalder, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Recently, hair segment analysis has been introduced as a method of cortisol assessment, providing a retrospective index of cumulative hormone secretion over a period of up to several months (Davenport et al., 2006; for review see Gow et al., 2010).”
MethodSteudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., Alexander, N., & Stalder, T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.015 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Specifically, positive associations between HCC and cumulative cortisol data from repeated assessments using traditional cortisol measures have been reported by animal (e.g., Accorsi et al., 2008; Davenport et al., 2006) and human research (e.”
BackgroundStress, the HPA axis, and nonhuman primate well-being: A review
Novak, M. A., Hamel, A. F., Kelly, B. J., Dettmer, A. M., & Meyer, J. S. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.012 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“A detailed discussion of these issues can be found in our methods paper (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDavenport, M. D., Lutz, C. K., Tiefenbacher, S., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.025 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
How should the psychological well‐being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?
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“assayed in hairs from macaques, cats, and dogs [Davenport et al., 2006; Accorsi et al., 2008].”
BackgroundMethodToward Standardization of Hair Cortisol Measurement
Russell, E., Kirschbaum, C., Laudenslager, M. L., Tobias Stalder, A., de Rijke, Y. B., van Rossum, E. F. C., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2014) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000148 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“This was first demonstrated in a study in rhesus macaques in which hair samples for cortisol were obtained both at baseline and after a major stressful event (relocation to a new habitat).(4) This was also confirmed in humans, as illustrated by a study comprising young children in whom hair was collected after startin…”
ResultHair cortisol and the risk for acute myocardial infarction in adult men
Pereg, D., Gow, R. V., Mosseri, M., Lishner, M., Rieder, M. J., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.511352 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“While the exact extent of time during which cortisol remains stable along the hair shaft is unknown, it is agreed that cortisol is stable in hair for at least up to 6 months (corresponding to the proximal 6 cm of a human hair sample; Davenport et al. 2006; Van Uum et al. 2008; Kirschbaum et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLuo, H., Hu, X., Liu, X., Ma, X., Guo, W., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.020 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Measuring corticosterone in feathers: Strengths, limitations, and suggestions for the future
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Dettmer, A. M., Novak, M. A., Suomi, S. J., & Meyer, J. S. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…to measuring cortisol “point samples” in plasma or saliva, hair cortisol has recently gained attention as an index of chronic HPA activity (Davenport et al., 2006; Sauvé et al., 2007; Kirschbaum et al., 2009) and as a possible biomarker for stressrelated health disorders in both human…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStandardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle
Moya, D., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., & Veira, D. M. (2013) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.007 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“, 2011), or in Rhesus monkeys (110.3710.2 pg/mg; Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialShort communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows
Burnett, T. A., Madureira, A. M. L., Silper, B. F., Nadalin, A., Tahmasbi, A. M., Veira, D. M., & Cerri, R. L. A. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8444 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Non-invasive monitoring of physiological markers in primates
Behringer, V., & Deschner, T. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Recently, cortisol measurements in hair of non-human primates have been increasingly used to assess chronically elevated cortisol levels during long-term stressful periods and high population densities (Carlitz et al., 2014; Davenport et al., 2006; Dettmer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMayer, S. E., Lopez-Duran, N. L., Sen, S., & Abelson, J. L. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.020 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Fairbanks, L. A., Jorgensen, M. J., Bailey, J. N., Breidenthal, S. E., Grzywa, R. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.013 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol analysis followed the method of Davenport et al. (2006).”
InfluentialSocioeconomic status, hair cortisol and internalizing symptoms in parents and children
Ursache, A., Merz, E. C., Melvin, S. A., Meyer, J. S., & Noble, K. G. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.020 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The relationship between cortisol, stress and psychiatric illness: New insights using hair analysis
Herane Vives, A., De Angel, V., Papadopoulos, A., Strawbridge, R., Wise, T., Young, A. H., Arnone, D., & Cleare, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.007 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Ashley, N. T., Barboza, P. S., Macbeth, B. J., Janz, D. M., Cattet, M., Booth, R. K., & Wasser, S. K. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.029 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“free-ranging vertebrates and can be detected in blood, urine, feces, saliva, and hair [28,47,52,55,61,76].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProlonged secretion of cortisol as a possible mechanism underlying stress and depressive behaviour
Qin, D., Rizak, J. D., Feng, X., Yang, S., Lü, L., Pan, L., Yin, Y., & Hu, X. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30187 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Effects of shampoo and water washing on hair cortisol concentrations
Hamel, A. F., Meyer, J. S., Henchey, E., Dettmer, A. M., Suomi, S. J., & Novak, M. A. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.10.019 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“laboratory conducted using rhesus monkey hair [3].”
MethodRelationship between Hair Cortisol and Perceived Chronic Stress in a Diverse Sample
O'brien, K., Tronick, E. Z., & Moore, C. L. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2475 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol Samples were obtained by cutting approximately 100 strands (3 cm) from the posterior vertex of the head using surgical scissors (Davenport et al., 2006).”
MethodHunt, K. E., Stimmelmayr, R., George, C., Hanns, C., SUYDAM, R. S., Brower, H., & Rolland, R. M. (2014) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/cou030 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Steroid extraction from baleen Extraction of steroids from baleen powder followed a consen sus protocol derived from the hair and feather glucocorticoid literature (e.g. Davenport et al., 2006; Bortolotti et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing individual systemic stress through cortisol analysis of archaeological hair
Webb, E. C., Thomson, S., Nelson, A. J., White, C. D., Koren, G., Rieder, M. J., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hair cortisol: a parameter of chronic stress? Insights from a radiometabolism study in guinea pigs
Keckeis, K., Lepschy, M., Schöpper, H., Moser, L. B., Troxler, J., & Palme, R. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0674-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“The majority of the work measuring cortisol in hair has used methanol for the extraction procedure (Accorsi et al. 2008; Ashley et al. 2011; Bechshøft et al. 2011; Comin et al. 2011; Davenport et al. 2006; Kalra et al. 2007; Kirschbaum et al. 2009; Koren et al. 2002; Macbeth et al. 2010; Sauvé et al. 2007).”
InfluentialPopulation density-dependent hair cortisol concentrations in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Dettmer, A. M., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S., & Suomi, S. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…cortisol in plasma (Hadjian et al., 1975; Gunnar and Donzella, 1992); if the same is true in nonhuman primates, it could explain the high HCC levels we observed in infancy, as HCC levels are also thought to reflect the ‘‘free’’ fraction of cortisol in the bloodstream (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChildren’s hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress at school entry
Groeneveld, M. G., Vermeer, H. J., Linting, M., Noppe, G., van Rossum, E. F. C., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.817553 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Increases in HCC after relocation from their housing environment were found in rhesus macaques (Davenport et al., 2006) and in vervets (Fairbanks et al.”
BackgroundGonzález-de-la-Vara, M. D. R., Valdez, R. A., Lemus-Ramírez, V., Vázquez-Chagoyán, J. C., Godoy, A. V., & Romano, M. C. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The role of glucocorticoids in the vertebrate response to weather
de Bruijn, R., & Romero, L. M. (2018) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.07.007 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Carbajal, A., Reyes‐López, F. E., Talló-Parra, O., López‐Béjar, M., & Tort, L. (2019) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.04.005 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Nejad, J. G., Lohakare, J., Son, J.-K., Kwon, E.-G., West, J. W., & Sung, K. (2013) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731113001870 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Braig, S., Grabher, F., Ntomchukwu, C., Reister, F., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Genuneit, J., & Rothenbacher, D. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cortisol levels in hair of East Greenland polar bears
Bechshøft, T., Sonne, C., Dietz, R., Born, E. W., Novak, M. A., Henchey, E., & Meyer, J. S. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.047 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
HPLC-FLU detection of cortisol distribution in human hair
Gao, W., Xie, Q., Jin, J., Qiao, T., Wang, H., Chen, L., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.01.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Burnett, T. A., Madureira, A. M. L., Silper, B. F., Tahmasbi, A. M., Nadalin, A., Veira, D. M., & Cerri, R. L. A. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8871 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol concentrations were determined using a commercially available assay kit designed for salivary cortisol (Salimetrics Expanded Range, High Sensitivity 1-E3002, State College, PA), as previously performed by Davenport et al. (2006) and Bennett and Hayssen (2010).”
MethodGáll, Z., Farkas, S., Albert, Á., Ferencz, E., Vancea, S., Urkon, M., & Kolcsár, M. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10050801 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Social status and cortisol levels in singing rock hyraxes
Koren, L., Mokady, O., & Geffen, E. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.020 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Hair-testing has the advantage of being insensitive to the momentary stress of capture (Yang et al., 1998), while accurately assessing significant and prolonged stressful experiences (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBryan, H. M., Smits, J. E. G., Koren, L., Paquet, P. C., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Musiani, M. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12354 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Accordingly, levels of hormones in hair have been correlated with measures in saliva and faeces, which are known to reflect circulating levels, in canids and other species (Davenport et al. 2006; Accorsi et al. 2008; Bennett & Hayssen 2010).”
BackgroundStress-linked cortisol concentrations in hair: what we know and what we need to know
Sharpley, C. F., McFarlane, J. R., & Slominski, A. (2012) · revneuro · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.058 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Heintz, M. R., Santymire, R. M., Parr, L. A., & Lonsdorf, E. V. (2011) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20960 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“In addition, the response time of cortisol in chimpanzees for saliva (45 min) is much shorter than urine [4.8 hr; Bahr et al., 2000], feces [20–48 hr; Bahr et al., 2000; Heistermann et al., 2006; Whitten et al., 1998], and hair [from weeks to months; Davenport et al., 2006].”
BackgroundInfluentialCarlitz, E. H. D., Kirschbaum, C., Tobias Stalder, A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2013) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Supporting this, no studies have shown cortisol washout effect in animal hair, either in captive (Davenport et al., 2006) or free-ranging animals (Fourie and Bernstein, 2011; Bechshøft et al.”
BackgroundKalliokoski, O., Jellestad, F. K., & Murison, R. C. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48517-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…(n = 29) Shalinski, 2014 (n = 28; 21) Steudte, 2011 (n = 27) Xie, 2011 (n = 23) Moya, 2013 (n = 21; 21; 21; 21; 21) D'Anna-Hernandez, 2011 (n = 21) Davenport, 2006 (n = 16) Bryan, 2013 (n = 7) Correlation coefficient 0.23 [0.12-0.34] -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Random effects model (Z = 1.65, p = 0.10, I2 =…”
BackgroundInfluentialEpidemiological approaches to measure childhood stress
Vanaelst, B., Vriendt, T. D., Huybrechts, I., Rinaldi, S., & Henauw, S. D. (2012) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01258.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Macbeth, B. J., Cattet, M., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., & Janz, D. M. (2012) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.219 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hair cortisol levels in dairy cows from winter housing to summer highland grazing
Comin, A., Prandi, A., Peric, T., Corazzin, M., Dovier, S., & Bovolenta, S. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Indeed, several authors (Davenport et al., 2006; Kalra et al., 2007; Kirschbaum et al., 2009; Yamada et al., 2007) have reported a positive correlation between stress and hair cortisol.”
BackgroundComin, A., Peric, T., Corazzin, M., Veronesi, M. C., Meloni, T., Zufferli, V., Cornacchia, G., & Prandi, A. (2012) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.021 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Hair strands were washed in 5 ml isopropanol as proposed by Davenport et al. (2006) to minimise the risk of extracting cortisol from outside the hair and also to ensure the removal of any steroids on the surface of the hair due to sweat and sebum.”
MethodTarullo, A. R., John, A. M. S., & Meyer, J. S. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.03.007 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Heistermann, M. (2010) · Advances in science and research · doi:10.5194/asr-5-1-2010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stress and the Multiple-Role Woman: Taking a Closer Look at the “Superwoman”
Sumra, M. K., & Schillaci, M. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120952 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Although small bouts of stress have been shown to be protective and advantageous to health [4], chronic or prolonged stress elicits adverse physiological responses such as increased blood pressure, compromised immune system, inflammation, and diabetes [5], all significant risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD).”
BackgroundXie, Q., Gao, W., Li, J., Qiao, T., Jin, J., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.706 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Merz, E. C., Desai, P. M., Maskus, E. A., Melvin, S. A., Rehman, R., Torres, S. D., Meyer, J. S., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.024 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Samples were processed and analyzed using methods previously validated and described in detail (see the Supplement) (54,55).”
MethodHolland, B. J. V., Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W., & Sluiter, J. K. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0727-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: j.sluiter@amc.uva.nl Davenport et al. (2006) did Wnd a signiWcant correlation between hair and salivary cortisol reactivity in rhesus macaque monkeys, but they point…”
BackgroundSimmons, J. G., Badcock, P. B., Whittle, S., Byrne, M. L., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Talló-Parra, O., Manteca, X., Sabés‐Alsina, M., Carbajal, A., & López‐Béjar, M. (2015) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731115000294 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Tallo-Parra, Manteca, Sabes-Alsina, Carbajal and Lopez-Bejar For the hair cortisol extraction, a modified protocol from that described by Davenport et al. (2006) and developed by our lab for other species was followed (Tallo-Parra et al., 2013).”
Fourie, N. H., & Bernstein, R. M. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Samples were twice washed in 3 ml isopropanol (C3H8O) for 3 min (after [12]) and let dry in a fume hood for 24 h.”
BackgroundMethodStothart, M. R., Palme, R., & Newman, A. E. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2111 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“[36] and assayed cortisol using a sensitive (0.”
Thompson, J. R., Valleau, J. C., Barling, A. N., Franco, J. G., DeCapo, M., Bagley, J. L., & Sullivan, E. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00164 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol reflects the mean cortisol over the past several weeks to months (37).”
BackgroundMethodBrearley, G., McAlpine, C., Bell, S., & Bradley, A. J. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9790-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Following washing and drying, steroids were extracted following Koren et al. (2002), Davenport et al. (2006) and Martin and Reale (2006).”
InfluentialMeasuring cortisol and DHEA in fingernails: A pilot study
Seo (2009) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s8307 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“17 However, it has also been reported in human subjects that hair cortisol is not statistically correlated to salivary cortisol but does correlate with urine cortisol.”
Methodological Considerations for Hair Cortisol Measurements in Children
Slominski, R. M., Rovnaghi, C. R., & Anand, K. J. S. (2015) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000209 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol levels were originally measured in the hair of athletes thought to be abusing anabolic steroids and were later studied among humans and primates as a measure for chronic stress.(6,7) Multiple studies showed positive correlation between subjective stress and hair cortisol levels,(3,8) further corroborated…”
BackgroundFagot, J., Gullstrand, J., Kemp, C., Defilles, C., & Mekaouche, M. (2013) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22193 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Burnard, C. L., Ralph, C. R., Hynd, P., Edwards, J. H., & Tilbrook, A. J. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15622 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Finkler, H., & Terkel, J. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.014 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that cortisol concentrations in hair correlate with salivary [53] or faecal cortisol concentrations [54].”
Time course of cortisol loss in hair segments under immersion in hot water
Li, J., Xie, Q., Gao, W., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.024 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Bechshøft, T., Rigét, F. F., Sonne, C., Letcher, R. J., Muir, D. C. G., Novak, M. A., Henchey, E., Meyer, J. S., Eulaers, I., Jaspers, V. L. B., et al. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…feather and hair samples, have the advantage that they express chronic stress rather than short-term hormonal fluctuations caused by for example circadian rhythms or the stress of hunting (Koren et al. 2002; Davenport et al. 2006; Bortolotti et al. 2008; Saco et al. 2008; Okuliarová et al. 2010).”
Background
- Authors
- Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Jerrold S.
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-261
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074364102
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (#RR11122, RR00 168, R24RR011122)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, rhesus monkeys, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, non-human primates, stress biomarkers, enzyme immunoassay validation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hair, Hydrocortisone, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Macaca mulatta, Male, Saliva, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors
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