Ecological network analysis reveals the inter-connection between soil biodiversity and ecosystem function as affected by land use across Europe
Open accessAbstract
Soil organisms are considered drivers of soil ecosystem services (primary productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycling, water regulation) associated with sustainable agricultural production. Soil biodiversity was highlighted in the soil thematic strategy as a key component of soil quality. The lack of quantitative standardised data at a large scale has resulted in poor understanding of how soil biodiversity could be incorporated into legislation for the protection of soil quality. In 2011, the EcoFINDERS (FP7) project sampled 76 sites across 11 European countries, covering five biogeographical zones (Alpine, Atlantic, Boreal, Continental and Mediterranean) and three land-uses (arable, grass, forestry). Samples collected from across these sites ranged in soil properties; soil organic carbon (SOC), pH and texture. To assess the range in biodiversity and ecosystem function across the sites, fourteen biological methods were applied as proxy indicators for these functions. These methods measured the following: microbial diversity: DNA yields (molecular biomass), archaea, bacteria, total fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; micro fauna diversity: nematode trophic groups; meso fauna diversity: enchytraeids and Collembola species; microbial function: nitrification, extracellular enzymes, multiple substrate induced respiration, community level physiological profiling and ammonia oxidiser/nitrification functional genes. Network analysis was used to identify the key connections between organisms under the different land use scenarios. Highest network density was found in forest soils and lowest density occurred in arable soils. Key taxomonic units (TUs) were identified in each land-use type and in relation to SOC and pH categorisations. Top-connected taxonomic units (i.e. displaying the most co-occurrence to other TUs) were identified for each land use type. In arable sites this was dominated by bacteria and fungi, while in grassland sites bacteria and fungi were most connected. In forest soils archaeal, enchytraeid and fungal TUs displayed the largest number of neighbours, reflecting the greatest connectivity. Multiple regression models were applied to assess the potential contribution of soil organisms to carbon cycling and storage and nutrient cycling of specifically nitrogen and phosphorus. Key drivers of carbon cycling were microbial biomass, basal respiration and fungal richness; these three measures have often been associated with carbon cycling in soils. Regression models of nutrient cycling were dependent on the model applied, showing variation in biological indicators.
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- Authors
- Creamer, R. E., Hannula, S. E., Leeuwen, J. P. V., Stone, D., Rutgers, M., Schmelz, R. M., Ruiter, P. C. D., Hendriksen, N. B., Bolger, T., Bouffaud, M. L., Buee, M., Carvalho, F., Costa, D., Dirilgen, T., Francisco, R., Griffiths, B. S., Griffiths, R., Martin, F., Silva, P. M. D., Mendes, S., Morais, P. V., Pereira, C., Philippot, L., Plassart, P., Redecker, D., Römbke, J., Sousa, J. P., Wouterse, M., & Lemanceau, P.
- Affiliations
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Agroécologie (FR)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Scotland's Rural College (GB)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- Recherches Avancées sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (FR)
- Université de Bourgogne (FR)
- ECT Oekotoxikologie (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Creamer, R.E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Applied Soil Ecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 97
- Pages
- 112-124
- ISSN
- 0929-1393 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1259744928
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 21.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Applied Soil Ecology (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Union
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- soil biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, land use, soil microbial diversity, soil fauna, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nematodes, Enchytraeidae, Collembola, nitrification, extracellular enzymes, carbon cycle, nutrient cycling, soil organic carbon, soil pH, soil quality, network analysis, arable soils, grassland soils, forest soils
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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