The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Age differences in fluid intelligence: Contributions of general slowing and frontal decline
Abstract
The current study examined the contributions of general slowing and frontal decline to age differences in fluid intelligence. Participants aged 20-89 years completed Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, Wisconsin Card Sorting, and Tower of London tasks. Age-related declines in fluid intelligence, speed of processing, and frontal function were observed. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the processing speed and frontal function measures accounted for significant variance in fluid intelligence performance, but there was also a residual effect of age after controlling for each variable individually as well as both variables. An additional analysis showed that the variance in fluid intelligence that was attributable to processing speed was not fully shared with the variance attributable to frontal function. These findings suggest that the age-related decline in fluid intelligence is due to general slowing and frontal decline, as well as other unidentified factors.
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In the citing paper
“In accord with previous studies, we found that aging increased both inter-subject standard deviations (Bugg et al., 2006; Vincent et al., 2012) and intrasubject (trial-to-trial) standard deviations (Deary and Der, 2005; Reimers and Maylor, 2006).”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Bugg et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have found significant age-related slowing of visual CRT latencies in a variety of experiments, including paradigms with two stimuli and two response buttons (Bugg et al., 2006; Feeney et al., 2013), paradigms with four stimuli and two response buttons, and paradigms with four stimuli and four response buttons (Deary et al., 2011).”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Bugg et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, it has been argued that cognitive slowing cannot fully account for age-related cognitive decline (Bugg et al., 2006; Salthouse, 1991; Schaie, 1989).”
From Reducing working memory load in spoken dialogue systems (2009) · cites this paper as Bugg et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, mean SRT latencies reported in recent studies vary widely (Table 1), ranging from 233 ms (Krieg et al., 2001; Vincent et al., 2012) to nearly 400 ms (Bugg et al., 2006).”
From Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time (2015) · cites this paper as Bugg et al., 2006
Citations
Cites
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The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Salthouse, T. A. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403 · Cited by 5,902
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler, D. (1999) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15170-000 · Cited by 4,681
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual – Revised and Expanded
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, C., Talley, J., Kay, G., & Curtiss, G. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,975
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196323 · Cited by 2,229
An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging.
West, R. L. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.272 · Cited by 2,157
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Buckner, R. L. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.006 · Cited by 1,508
Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action
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Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence
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Mécanismes cognitifs impliqués dans la comparaison de numérosités : études développementales
Roquet, A. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5525283czfb7fz43b6zb691zc813873af657
Kachouri, H. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/88892f8fzab02z4a62za90bza2a1802f68fd
Jing, Y., Yu, S., Cheng, Y., & Yang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1781423
Chemoarchitectural influences on the cortical connectome confer resilience in agingPreprint
Flores-Alonso, S. I., Solomon, J. P., Dobri, S. G. J., McIntosh, A. R., & Wiesman, A. I. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.23.719924
Furnham, A. F., Cuppello, S., & Semmelink, D. S. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.114012
Elliott, L., Post, E., McClendon, A., & Singer, J. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261476965
Metadata
- Authors
- Bugg, J. M., Zook, N. A., DeLosh, E. L., Davalos, D. B., & Davis, H. P.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Purchase College (US)
- University of Colorado Colorado Springs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bugg, Julie M.
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-16
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130178897
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fluid intelligence, age differences, processing speed, cognitive aging, reaction time, executive function
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Regression Analysis
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