Fear of negative evaluation and attentional bias for facial expressions: An event-related study
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown an exacerbation of attentional bias towards threat in anxiety states. However, the cognitive mechanisms responsible for these attentional biases remain largely unknown. Further, the authors outline the need to consider the nature of the attentional processes in operation (hypervigilance, avoidance, or disengagement). We adapted a dot-probe paradigm to record behavioral and electrophysiological responses in 26 participants reporting high or low fear of evaluation, a major component of social anxiety. Pairs of faces including a neutral and an emotional face (displaying anger, fear, disgust, or happiness) were presented during 200 ms and then replaced by a neutral target to discriminate. Results show that anxious participants were characterized by an increased P1 in response to pairs of faces, irrespective of the emotional expression included in the pair. They also showed an increased P2 in response to angry-neutral pairs selectively. Finally, in anxious participants, the P1 response to targets was enhanced when replacing emotional faces, whereas non-anxious subjects showed no difference between the two conditions. These results indicate an early hypervigilance to face stimuli in social anxiety, coupled with difficulty in disengaging from threat and sustained attention to emotional stimuli. They are discussed within the framework of current models of anxiety and psychopathology.
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Disengaging from preoccupation with the threat of failure may be more difficult for test-anxious students.
“In general, disengaging from preoccupation with the threat of failure may be more difficult for test-anxious students (Rossignol et al., 2013).”
From Being able to think when caught in the maelstrom - how adolescents used mindfulness when facing exams. (2024) · cites this paper as Rossignol et al., 2013
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“Although inconclusive ERP findings to target location have been displayed up to date [30, 63, 65, 68, 72, 96], brain electrical responses to dots are frequently described in different ERP components, such as posterior P1 and N1, and anterior P3 [11, 96].”
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“Conversely, several studies reported that the N170 was unaffected by social anxiety in emotional face processing (Mühlberger et al., 2009; Rossignol et al., 2012, 2013a, 2013b).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of attentional bias in meditators: An ERP study
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“The P1 and N1 reflect activity in the occipital and parietal lobes, and are known to be sensitive to early visual spatial as well as face processing (Eimer & Holmes, 2007; Mueller et al., 2009; Rossignol et al., 2013; Taylor, 2002).”
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“Significant associations among both social risk factors (peer victimization and fear of negative evaluation), DLPFC activity in response to negative social status words, and depressive symptoms are consistent with prior research suggesting that social risk factors are associated with altered emotion processing (McLaug…”
ResultWatson, P., Pearson, D., & Pelley, M. E. L. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2459847 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…compared RT on invalid-threat trials (when the probe appeared “behind” the neutral image) relative to RT on valid-threat trials (when the probe appeared “behind” the threatening image) as the measure of attentional disen-gagement (Pizzie & Kraemer, 2017; Rossignol et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2021).”
Electrophysiological evidence of processing social threat words in social anxiety participants
Yang, J., Si, F., & Cao, J.-Q. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07257-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hamrick, H. C., Hager, N., Middlebrooks, M. S., Mach, R. J., Abid, A., Allan, N. P., & Judah, M. R. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108718 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rayson, H., Ryan, Z. J., & Dodd, H. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101207 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A few adult studies have linked ERP responses to happy faces with anxiety (Rossignol et al., 2013; Morel et al., 2014), but use of ERPs in longitudinal studies of temperament and anxiety are now needed to clarify the role of positive biases in the early emergence of anxiety in childhood.”
BackgroundKosonogov, V., Kovsh, E., & Vorobyeva, E. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157782 · Cited by 4
“[64] also found P2 in response to facial expressions, albeit they played a role in priming and were not recognised.”
BackgroundWang, M.-Y., Zhang, Z.-M., Miao, X., Lin, X., & Yuan, Z. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994452 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The high P1 amplitudemight represent the initial hypervigilance to threats that are resulted from the interaction with the amygdala [29] or diminished attention control [30].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJenni, G., Wettstein, A., Schneider, I., Kühne, F., Holtforth, M. G., & Marca, R. L. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10024-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tholl, S., Sojer, C. A., Schmidt, S. N. L., & Mier, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1284595 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“While no significant associations were found with the interpersonal sensitivity scale of the BSI in our study, other researchers found enhanced sensitivity to negative facial expressions (Rossignol et al., 2013), and a negative bias in social anxiety (Clark and McManus, 2002; Günther et al., 2021).”
ResultHou, Y., Gao, W., & Guo, X. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149199 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Folyi, T., Rohr, M., & Wentura, D. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104254 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attentional biases toward real images and drawings of negative faces.
Tanda, T., Toyomori, K., & Kawahara, J. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103665 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bretthauer, J., Canu, D., Thiemann, U., Fleischhaker, C., Brauner, H., Müller, K., Smyrnis, N., Biscaldi, M., Bender, S., & Klein, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842896 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Analysis fear of negative evaluation (FNE) level in physical education based on gender and age
Syamsuddin, I., & Sutresna, N. (2024) · Jurnal MAENPO Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi · doi:10.35194/jm.v14i2.4707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In that context, a self-reported measure has been developed to evaluate the extent to which individuals fear negative evaluations from others (Rossignol et al., 2013).”
Jiang, T., Song, S., Zhao, S., Tian, X., Zhang, M., Feng, J., & Ge, R. (2024) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101988 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leng, X.-C., Yu, X., Chen, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, F., Feng, C.-Z., & Feng, W.-F. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108807 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Folyi, T., Lindenhahn, L., Rohr, M., & Wentura, D. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100739 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Zhou, H., Wang, X.-G., Ma, X., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024197 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tipura, E., Zanesco, J., Clément, F., Renaud, O., & Pegna, A. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108285 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“uncertainty than healthy subjects (Rapee & Heimberg, 1997; Rossignol et al., 2013; Nelson et al., 2015).”
Coussement, C., & Heeren, A. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503315000202 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Park, G., Lewis, R. S., Wang, Y. C., Cho, H. J., & Goto, S. G. (2018) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-018-0067-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, early ERPs in response to threatening expressions have generally been found to be greater in highly anxious participants (Fox et al. 2008; Hagemann et al. 2016; Li et al. 2005; Mueller et al. 2009; Rossignol et al. 2013).”
BackgroundRegular Yoga Modulates Attention Bias During the Luteal Phase in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome
Li, X., Li, D., Liu, Y., Zhou, C., & Wang, X. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010036 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The dot-probe task measures the extent to which threatening stimuli attract attention [13,14].”
Kim, S., Baik, Y., & Nam, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148841 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of the phenomenon of "attention shift" as a marker of psycho-emotional stress
Astashchenko, A. P., Gubina, O. I., Popov, M. V., Yashchenko, I. N., Sazonova, O. V., & Gavryushin, M. Y. (2022) · Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology · doi:10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-4-247-253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unsupportive romantic partner behaviors increase neural reactivity to mistakes
Palmwood, E. N., & Simons, R. F. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Cabral-Passos, P. R., & de Carvalho, M. R. (2021) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e37212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Concepts and Dysfunctions of Emotion in Neuropsychiatric Research
Şen, Z. D., Čolić, L., Kasties, V., & Walter, M. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dundas, I., & Binder, P.-E. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2024.2375660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In general, disengaging from preoccupation with the threat of failure may be more difficult for test-anxious students (Rossignol et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSong, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, B., Weng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Zheng, X. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105168
Temporal dynamics of emotional face processing in social anxiety
Feng, Y.-C., Kuo, B.-C., & Hsu, W.-Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337403
“The absence of a negative attention bias is not uncommon in the literature concerning the dot-probe task [12,29,48–50].”
InfluentialJin, J.-J., Zhu, X.-Y., Lian, W., & Fan, L. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152617
Blauth, K., & Iffland, B. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01958-5
“Studies suggest P200 modulation in the presentation of basic stimuli and in the anticipation and feedback processing of social stimuli, indicating an increased amplitude with respect to relevant stimuli [37–39].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Situational Context Training for Socially Anxious Children
Schwab, D., & Schienle, A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10060-9
New Perspectives in Psychopathology
Sato, A., Hashimoto, T., Kimura, A., Niitsu, T., & Iyo, M. (2020) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88963-551-1
Kristensen, J. (2020) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-ssd9-yx52
“…Carretie, Mercado, Hinojosa, Marten-Loeches, & Sotillo, 2004b; Cisler & Koster, 2010; Frewen, Dozois, Neufeld, & Lanius, 2008; Mogg & Bradley, 2002; Rossignol et al., 2013; Williams, 2006; Yiend, 18 2010). fMRI studies show an abnormal amygdala response to threatening stimuli in anxious children…”
- Authors
- Rossignol, M., Campanella, S., Bissot, C., & Philippot, P.
- Affiliations
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Rossignol, Mandy
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 344-352
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123909457
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- ORBi UMONS (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety, attentional bias, facial expressions, threat detection, P1 component, P2 component, dot-probe task, hypervigilance, attentional disengagement, avoidance, emotional face processing, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Attention, Cerebral Cortex, Choice Behavior, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult
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