Attentional bias for threat: evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces
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The present paper reports three new experiments suggesting that the valence of a face cue can influence attentional effects in a cueing paradigm. Moreover, heightened trait anxiety resulted in increased attentional dwell-time on emotional facial stimuli, relative to neutral faces. Experiment 1 presented a cueing task, in which the cue was either an "angry", "happy", or "neutral" facial expression. Targets could appear either in the same location as the face (valid trials) or in a different location to the face (invalid trials). Participants did not show significant variations across the different cue types (angry, happy, neutral) in responding to a target on valid trials. However, the valence of the face did affect response times on invalid trials. Specifically, participants took longer to respond to a target when the face cue was "angry" or "happy" relative to neutral. In Experiment 2, the cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was increased and an overall inhibition of return (IOR) effect was found (i.e., slower responses on valid trials). However, the "angry" face cue eliminated the IOR effect for both high and low trait anxious groups. In Experiment 3, threat-related and jumbled facial stimuli reduced the magnitude of IOR for high, but not for low, trait-anxious participants.These results suggest that: (i) attentional bias in anxiety may reflect a difficulty in disengaging from threat-related and emotional stimuli, and (ii) threat-related and ambiguous cues can influence the magnitude of the IOR effect.
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Subsequent studies have provided support for the disengagement account of anxious attentional bias.
“A number of studies have since supported this hypothesis (Amir, Elias, Klumpp, & Przeworski, 2003; Fox, Russo, & Dutton, 2002; Georgiou et al., 2005).”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as Fox, Russo, & Dutton, 2002
Previous literature shows that pessimists have a stronger attentional bias toward negative stimuli and high anxiety leads to be attentive to negative events.
“We know from previous literature that pessimists have a stronger attentional bias toward negative stimuli42 and, in a similar way, high anxiety leads to be attentive to negative events43444546.”
From Changes in perception of treatment efficacy are associated to the magnitude of the nocebo effect and to personality traits (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 355-379
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC2241753
- OpenAlex
- W2028816106
- Cited by
- 954
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (045800, 45800)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional bias, threats, emotional facial expressions, trait anxiety, attentional disengagement, inhibition of return, ambiguous cues
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