Individually ventilated cages cause chronic low-grade hypoxia impacting mice hematologically and behaviorally
Open accessAbstract
Use of individually ventilated caging (IVC) systems for mouse-based laboratory investigation has dramatically increased. We found that without mice present, intra-cage oxygen concentration was comparable (21%) between IVC housing and ambient environment caging (AEC) that used wire top lids. However, when mice were housed 4-to-a-cage for 1week, intra-cage oxygen dropped to 20.5% in IVC housing as compared to 21% for AEC housing. IVC intra-cage humidity was also elevated relative to AEC housing. Mice raised in IVC housing as compared to mice raised in AEC housing had higher RBC mass, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. They also had elevated platelet counts but lower white blood cell counts. IVC mice, relative to AEC mice, had increased saccharin preference and increased fluid consumption but similar locomotion, food intake, social exploration and novel object recognition when tested in an AEC environment. Taken together, these data indicate that ventilated caging systems can have a 0.5% reduction from ambient oxygen concentration that is coupled to mouse red blood cell indices indicative of chronic exposure to a hypoxia. Importantly, IVC housing can impact behavioral testing for depressive-like behavior.
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- Hrabé de Angelis M Adler A Beckers J Soewarto D Wagner S Gailus-Durner V Imai K Hedrich H Mouse Genetics The Laboratory Mouse 2004 47 84 Elsevier Academic Press London (UK)
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- Authors
- York, J. M., McDaniel, A. W., Blevins, N. A., Guillet, R. R., Allison, S. O., Cengel, K. A., & Freund, G. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freund, Gregory G.
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 951-958
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3398166
- OpenAlex
- W1982061402
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA019357, RC1AA019357)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK064862, DK 064862)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS058525, NS058525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- individually ventilated cages, chronic hypoxia, mouse housing, hematological parameters, red cell mass, platelet count, humidity, saccharin preference, fluid intake, locomotion, social exploration, novel object recognition, depression-like behavior, laboratory animal welfare
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Hypoxia, Blood Cell Count, Body Weight, Carbon Dioxide, Chronic Disease, Drinking, Eating, Exploratory Behavior, Housing, Animal, Humidity, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Motor Activity, Oxygen, Social Behavior, Swimming, Taste, Ventilation, Recognition, Psychology, Mice
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