The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
The emergence of chronic inflammation during obesity in the absence of overt infection or well-defined autoimmune processes is a puzzling phenomenon. The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune cell sensors, such as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (Nlrp3, but also known as Nalp3 or cryopyrin) inflammasome are implicated in recognizing certain nonmicrobial originated 'danger signals' leading to caspase-1 activation and subsequent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 secretion. We show that calorie restriction and exercise-mediated weight loss in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in adipose tissue expression of Nlrp3 as well as with decreased inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity. We further found that the Nlrp3 inflammasome senses lipotoxicity-associated increases in intracellular ceramide to induce caspase-1 cleavage in macrophages and adipose tissue. Ablation of Nlrp3 in mice prevents obesity-induced inflammasome activation in fat depots and liver as well as enhances insulin signaling. Furthermore, elimination of Nlrp3 in obese mice reduces IL-18 and adipose tissue interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression, increases naive T cell numbers and reduces effector T cell numbers in adipose tissue. Collectively, these data establish that the Nlrp3 inflammasome senses obesity-associated danger signals and contributes to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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In patients with NASH or animal models, expression of inflammasome components was increased, indicating a potential role in the pathogenesis of liver injury.
“Either in patients with NASH or animal models, the expression of inflammasome components was increased, indicating the potential role in the pathogenesis of liver injury [226,227,288,289,290,291].”
From Gut-pancreas-liver Axis as a target for treatment of NAFLD/NASH (2020) · cites this paper as [290]
Obesity, particularly central obesity, is strongly associated with a pro-inflammatory state.
“Obesity — particularly central obesity — is strongly associated with a pro-inflammatory state52–54.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
Adipocytes in abdominal, intramuscular, liver, and pericardial fat can produce pro-inflammatory and chemotactic compounds such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF, and CCL2, as well as hormones that modulate inflammation such as adiponectin and leptin.
“Adipocytes in abdominal, intramuscular, liver, and pericardial fat can produce pro-inflammatory and chemotactic compounds, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF, and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), as well as hormones that modulate inflammation, such as adiponectin and leptin54.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
DAMPs such as heat shock proteins from dead adipocytes may signal through TLR pathways, activating NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting pro-inflammatory phenotype.
“Additionally, damage associated molecular pattern molecules, such as heat shock proteins, released from dead or dying adipocytes may signal through TLR pathways, producing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotion of a pro-inflammatory phenotype [75].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
Ectopic lipids induce Nod-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation to trigger caspase-1, which subsequently activate IL-1β and IL-18, thus activating the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages resident in the skeletal muscle.
“For example, ectopic lipids induce Nod‐like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation to trigger caspase‐1, which subsequently activate IL‐1β and IL‐18, thus activating the pro‐inflammatory M1 macrophages resident in the skeletal muscle.[ 66 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
These macrophages release TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and TGFβ, which can also stimulate trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts to cause fibrosis and further tissue damage, worsening the systemic inflammaging.
“These macrophages release TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and TGFβ, which can also stimulate trans‐differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts to cause fibrosis and further tissue damage, worsening the systemic inflammaging.”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
The NLRP-3 inflammasome plays a role in the pathophysiology of many inflammatory diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.
“The NLRP-3 inflammasome plays a role in the pathophysiology of many inflammatory diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes (21,31–35).”
From Sustained Inflammasome Activity in Macrophages Impairs Wound Healing in Type 2 Diabetic Humans and Mice (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Vandanmagsar, B., Youm, Y.-H., Ravussin, A., Galgani, J. E., Stadler, K., Mynatt, R. L., Ravussin, E., Stephens, J. M., & Dixit, V. D.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Louisiana State University System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dixit, Vishwa Deep
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2011-01-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-188
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC3076025
- OpenAlex
- W2150702412
- Cited by
- 2,655
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 156 · 2025: 166 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 203 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 207 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 112
- FWCI
- 62.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Louisville
- Genentech
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG31797, R01AG031797)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K99 DK083615, R01DK090556, R00DK083615, DK083615, P30DK072476)
- National Center for Research Resources (1P20 RR02/1945, P20RR021945)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- NLRP3 inflammasome, obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, dietary fat, lipotoxicity, ceramide, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, interferon-gamma, adipose tissue macrophages, type 2 diabetes, caloric restriction, physical activity, innate immunity, damage-associated molecular patterns, T cells
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Caspase 1, Mice, Interleukin-1beta, Inflammasomes
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