The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Women appear to be more vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of inflammation than men. Chronic stress, one of the most pertinent risk factors of depression and anxiety, is known to induce behavioral and affective-like deficits via neuroimmune alterations including activation of the brain’s immune cells, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and subsequent changes in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity within stress-related neural circuitry. Despite well-established sexual dimorphisms in the stress response, immunity, and prevalence of stress-linked psychiatric illnesses, much of current research investigating the neuroimmune impact of stress remains exclusively focused on male subjects. We summarize and evaluate here the available data regarding sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress, and some of the physiological factors contributing to these differences. Furthermore, we discuss the extent to which sex differences in stress-related neuroinflammation can account for the overall female bias in stress-linked psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The currently available evidence from rodent studies does not unequivocally support the peripheral inflammatory changes seen in women following stress. Replication of many recent findings in stress-related neuroinflammation in female subjects is necessary in order to build a framework in which we can assess the extent to which sex differences in stress-related inflammation contribute to the overall female bias in stress-related affective disorders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942 · cited 3×
“…traditionally have protected ancestral humans from pathogens but have come to manifest as depressed mood and behavior in modern humans whose environmental challenges have largely shifted away from predators and immediate survival to psychosocial demands (Miller & Raison 2016, Raison & Miller 2013).”
BackgroundOf Mice and Not Men: Differences between Mouse and Human Immunology
Mestas, J., & Hughes, C. C. W. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2731 · Cited by 3,822
Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity
Markle, J. G. M., Frank, D. N., Mortin-Toth, S., Robertson, C. E., Feazel, L. M., Rolle-Kampczyk, U., von Bergen, M., McCoy, K. D., Macpherson, A. J., & Danska, J. S. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1233521 · Cited by 2,025
Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.83 · Cited by 1,130 · cited 1×
“As such, the endocrine and the immune system have come to be intricately coregulated (Miller & Raison 2016), generating a physiological concordance that subserves vital functions such as regulation of energy allocation, reproduction, learning, mood, and behavior (Maier & Watkins 1998).”
BackgroundSlowing of wound healing by psychological stress
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Marucha, P. T., Mercado, A. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92899-5 · Cited by 1,104
Köhler, O., Benros, M. E., Nordentoft, M., Farkouh, M. E., Iyengar, R. L., Mors, O., & Krogh, J. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1611 · Cited by 941
Inflammation, glutamate, and glia: a trio of trouble in mood disorders
Haroon, E., Miller, A. H., & Sanacora, G. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.199 · Cited by 584
The inflammasome: Pathways linking psychological stress, depression, and systemic illnesses
Iwata, M., Ota, K. T., & Duman, R. S. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.008 · Cited by 580
The influence of sex and gender on the immune response
Oertelt-Prigione, S. (2012) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022 · Cited by 459 · cited 2×
“Alzheimer’s disease, and chronic pain are more common among females (Loram et al 2012), and dysregulation of immunocyte function, steroid hormone signaling (Oertelt-Prigione 2012), and gut microbiome-driven changes in autoimmunity (Markle et al 2013) have been proposed as potential mediators.”
BackgroundNeural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress
Slavich, G. M., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Taylor, S. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1009164107 · Cited by 418 · cited 1×
“Similarly, larger increases in peripheral soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor-α (sTNFαRII) following the TSST were found to be correlated with greater activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula while experiencing social rejection (Slavich et al 2010).”
Background
Cited by
The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety
Peirce, J. M., & Alviña, K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24476 · Cited by 466
Slavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9 · Cited by 383
Depression's Unholy Trinity: Dysregulated Stress, Immunity, and the Microbiome
Cruz-Pereira, J. S., Rea, K., Nolan, Y. M., O'Leary, O. F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011613 · Cited by 320
Dietary fiber and its associations with depression and inflammation
Swann, O. G., Kilpatrick, M., Breslin, M., & Oddy, W. H. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz072 · Cited by 185
Sex Differences in Synaptic Plasticity: Hormones and Beyond
Hyer, M. M., Phillips, L. L., & Neigh, G. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00266 · Cited by 121
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekhbat, M., & Neigh, G. N.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2588883201
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 31
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.006
- The paper
- Bekhbat, M., & Neigh, G. N. (2018). Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.006
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
