Sex Differences in Synaptic Plasticity: Hormones and Beyond
Open accessAbstract
Notable sex-differences exist between neural structures that regulate sexually dimorphic behaviors such as reproduction and parenting. While anatomical differences have been well-characterized, advancements in neuroimaging and pharmacology techniques have allowed researchers to identify differences between males and females down to the level of the synapse. Disparate mechanisms at the synaptic level contribute to sex-specific neuroplasticity that is reflected in sex-dependent behaviors. Many of these synaptic differences are driven by the endocrine system and its impact on molecular signaling and physiology. While sex-dependent modifications exist at baseline, further differences emerge in response to stimuli such as stressors. While some of these mechanisms are unifying between sexes, they often have directly opposing consequences in males and females. This variability is tied to gonadal steroids and their interactions with intra- and extra-cellular signaling mechanisms. This review article focuses on the various mechanisms by which sex can alter synaptic plasticity, both directly and indirectly, through steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. That sex can drive neuroplasticity throughout the brain, highlights the importance of understanding sex-dependent neural mechanisms of the changing brain to enhance interpretation of results regarding males and females. As mood and stress responsivity are characterized by significant sex-differences, understanding the molecular mechanisms that may be altering structure and function can improve our understanding of these behavioral and mental characteristics.
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Studies indicate sex-based differences in neuroplasticity.
“Third, are there differences in the brain repair and recovery processes of men and women and in the associated recovery of function? The data also support this premise, with studies indicating sex-based differences in neuroplasticity.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Hyer, M. M., Phillips, L. L., & Neigh, G. N.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neigh, Gretchen N.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-31
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 266-266
- ISSN
- 1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6079238
- OpenAlex
- W2886844425
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R01MH110364, R01NR014886, R01NS056247, K12GM093857)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- sex differences, synaptic plasticity, neuroplasticity, sex steroids, estrogen, testosterone, steroid hormone signaling, stress responsivity, mood, sexually dimorphic behavior, reproductive behavior, parental behavior, brain structure and function
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