CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 615Tryptophan and brain disordersNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTreatment of Major Depression

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Markers of central inflammation in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography and post-mortem brain tissue

Open access
Enache, Daniela, Pariante, Carmine M., Mondelli, Valeria·2019·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.015
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND Increased peripheral inflammation has been consistently reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, only few studies have explored markers of central (brain) inflammation in patients with MDD. The aim of this study is to systematically review in vivo and post-mortem markers of central inflammation, including studies examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), positron emission tomography, and post-mortem brain tissues in subjects suffering with MDD compared with controls. METHODS PubMed and Medline databases were searched up to December 2018. We included studies measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines and chemokines, positron emission tomography (PET) studies; and post-mortem studies measuring cytokines, chemokines and cell-specific markers of microglia and astrocytes, all in MDD. A meta-analysis was performed only for CSF and PET studies, as studies on post-mortem markers of inflammation had different cell-specific markers and analysed different brain regions. RESULTS A total of 69 studies met the inclusion criteria. CSF levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in patients with MDD compared with controls (standardised mean difference SMD 0.37, 95%CI: 0.17-0.57 and SMD 0.58, 95%CI 0.26-0.90, respectively). CSF levels of IL-6 were increased in suicide attempters regardless of their psychiatric diagnosis. Translocator protein, a PET marker of central inflammation, was elevated in the anterior cingulate cortex and temporal cortex of patients with MDD compared with controls (SMD 0.78, 95%CI: 0.41-1.16 and SMD 0.52, 95%CI: 0.19-0.85 respectively). Abnormalities in CSF and PET inflammatory markers were not correlated with those in peripheral blood. In post-mortem studies, two studies found increased markers of microglia in MDD brains, while four studies found no MDD related changes. Of the studies investigating expression of cell-specific marker for astrocytes, thirteen studies reported a decreased expression of astrocytes specific markers, two studies reported increased expression of astrocytes specific markers, and eleven studies did not detect any difference. Four out of six studies reported decreased markers of oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex. Post-mortem brain levels of tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) were also found increased in MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests the presence of an increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in CSF and brain parenchyma, in the context of a possible increased microglia activity and reduction of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes markers in MDD. The reduced number of astrocytes may lead to compromised integrity of blood brain barrier with increased monocyte recruitment and infiltration, which is partly supported by post-mortem studies and by PET studies showing an increased TSPO expression in MDD.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.015

Cites

95 of 95 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 97 references

2 of the 97 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 615

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Enache, D., Pariante, C. M., & Mondelli, V.
Affiliations
  • King's College London (GB)
  • National Health Service (GB)
Corresponding author
Mondelli, Valeria
ORCID
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-10
Volume
81
Pages
24-40
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.015
OpenAlex
W2953025937
Semantic Scholar
83e5363ffd00c2dba7a412e43a5a292f085d67ed
Cited by
615
References
97
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 11
FWCI
3.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • GlaxoSmithKline foundation
  • South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
  • King’s College London
  • Svenska Läkaresällskapet (MQBF1)
  • National Institute for Health Research
  • Medical Research Foundation (MRF-160-0005)
  • H. Lundbeck A/S
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
major depressive disorder, neuroinflammation, cerebrospinal fluid cytokines, interleukin-6, TNF-α, translocator protein (TSPO), positron emission tomography, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, suicide attempters, postmortem brain, peripheral inflammation, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex
MeSH terms
Astrocytes, Autopsy, Brain, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Oligodendroglia, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Prefrontal Cortex, Microglia, Receptors, GABA, Chemokines, Positron-Emission Tomography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review