Understanding long COVID: nosology, social attitudes and stigma
Abstract
The debate around Long Covid has so far shown resistance to accept parallels between Long Covid and a set of existing conditions which have historically been subject to stigma. This resistance risks endorsing the stigma associated with such existing conditions, and as such, these dynamics of stigma ought to be dismantled in order to facilitate the development of effective clinical resources for all such implicated conditions. As well as affecting proceedings at the structural level, I discuss how the aforementioned problems also risk affecting patients at the personal level by motivating the reconfiguration and restriction of patient illness narratives. The problems I identify therefore risk affecting both collective and individual understanding of Long Covid.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lopez-Leon, S., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Perelman, C., Sepulveda, R., Rebolledo, P. A., Cuapio, A., & Villapol, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95565-8 · Cited by 2,757 · see citing works
Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing
Dotson, K. (2011) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01177.x · Cited by 2,150 · see citing works
Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology
Rothman, K. J., & Greenland, S. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.059204 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A., Wakefield, D., Vollmer-Conna, U. S., Cameron, B., Vernon, S. D., Reeves, W. C., & Lloyd, A. R. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.ae · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Harrison, N. A., Brydon, L., Walker, C., Gray, M. A., Steptoe, A., & Critchley, H. D. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Covid-19: What do we know about “long covid”?
Mahase, E. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2815 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Wong, T. L., & Weitzer, D. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57050418 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS)
Oronsky, B. T., Larson, C., Hammond, T., Oronsky, A. L., Kesari, S., Lybeck, M., & Reid, T. R. (2021) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Pariante, C. M. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.04.001 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Development of polycystic ovary syndrome: involvement of genetic and environmental factors
Franks, S., McCarthy, M. I., & Hardy, K. (2005) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00623.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Tick-borne encephalitis—pathogenesis, clinical course and long-term follow-up
Haglund, M., & Günther, G. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00811-3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Epistemic injustice in healthcare encounters: evidence from chronic fatigue syndrome
Blease, C., Carel, H., & Geraghty, K. (2017) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-103691 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Lancet, T. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32662-3 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics
Islam, M. F., Cotler, J. H., & Jason, L. A. (2020) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Síndrome post-COVID-19: epidemiología, criterios diagnósticos y mecanismos patogénicos implicados
Artal, F. J. C. (2021) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.7211.2021230 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Chronic fatigue syndrome after infectious mononucleosis in adolescents
Katz, B. Z., Shiraishi, Y., Mears, C. J., Binns, H. J., & Taylor, R. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1879 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Put to the test: use of rapid testing technologies for covid-19
Crozier, A. F. F., Rajan, S., Buchan, I. E., & McKee, M. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n208 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Depression and associated physical diseases and symptoms
Goodwin, G. M. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.2/mgoodwin · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Royal Free Epidemic of 1955: A Reconsideration
McEvedy, C. P., & Beard, A. (1970) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5687.7 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Long COVID guidelines need to reflect lived experience
Gorna, R., MacDermott, N. E., Rayner, C. R., O’Hara, M. E., Evans, S. E., Agyen, L., Nutland, W., Rogers, N., & Hastie, C. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32705-7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Postviral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach
David, A. S., Wessely, S. C., & Pelosi, A. J. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6623.696 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
An update of genetic basis of PCOS pathogenesis
Crespo, R. P., Bachega, T. A. S. S., Mendonça, B. B., & Gomes, L. G. (2018) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000049 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
From Many to One to Many—the Search for Causes of Psychiatric Illness
Kendler, K. S. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1200 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Raine, R., Carter, S., Sensky, T., & Black, N. A. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38078.503819.ee · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Chronic fatigue syndrome: understanding a complex illness
Holgate, S. T., Komaroff, A. L., Mangan, D. F., & Wessely, S. C. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3087 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The clinical value of cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome
Yang, T., Yang, Y., Wang, D., Li, C., Qu, Y., Guo, J., Shi, T., Wang, B., Sun, Z., & Asakawa, T. (2019) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-019-1948-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The act of diagnosis: pros and cons of labelling chronic fatigue syndrome
Huibers, M. J. H., & Wessely, S. C. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006926 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Salmon, D., Slama, D., de Broucker, T., Karmochkine, M., Pavie, J., Sorbets, E., Etienne, N., Batisse, D., Spiridon, G., Baut, V. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The road to addressing Long Covid
Alwan, N. A. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg7113 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue 10 Years After Giardia Infection
Litleskare, S., Rørtveit, G., Eide, G. E., Hanevik, K., Langeland, N., & Wensaas, K. (2018) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.01.022 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome—A systematic review and meta-analysis
Strawbridge, R., Sartor, M.-L., Scott, F., & Cleare, A. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Basal and LPS-stimulated inflammatory markers and the course of individual symptoms of depression
van Eeden, W. A., van Hemert, A. M., Carlier, I. V. E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Lamers, F., Fried, E. I., Schoevers, R. A., & Giltay, E. J. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00920-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Pedersen, M., Asprusten, T. T., Godang, K., Leegaard, T. M., Osnes, L., Skovlund, E., Tjade, T., Øie, M. G., & Wyller, V. B. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation disorders exacerbated by environmental stressors
O'Callaghan, J. P., & Miller, D. B. (2019) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153951 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chronic fatigue syndrome: identifying zebras amongst the horses
Harvey, S. B., & Wessely, S. C. (2009) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-58 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Radden, J. H. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195338287.001.0001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Byrne, E. A. (2020) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09945-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHistory of postviral fatigue syndrome
Wessely, S. C. (1991) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072521 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ratcliffe, M., & Byrne, E. A. (2022) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2022.2070241 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationMcManimen, S. L., McClellan, D., Stoothoff, J., & Jason, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21984 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Borsini, A., Hepgul, N., Mondelli, V., Chalder, T., & Pariante, C. M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002468 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Understanding medical students’ views of chronic fatigue syndrome: A qualitative study
Stenhoff, A., Sadreddini, S., Peters, S., & Wearden, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313501534 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
(2013) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
What is the functional/organic distinction actually doing in psychiatry and neurology?
Bell, V., Wilkinson, S., Greco, M., Hendrie, C., Mills, B., & Deeley, Q. (2020) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16022.1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Helbig, K. J., Heatley, S. L., Harris, R. J., Mullighan, C. G., Bardy, P., & Marmion, B. P. (2003) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6363912 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Strawbridge, R., Marwood, L., King, S., Young, A. H., Pariante, C. M., Colasanti, A., & Cleare, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123918 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
White, P. D. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/518615 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
XMRV and CFS—the sad end of a story
van Kuppeveld, F. J. M., & van der Meer, J. W. M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60899-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Long COVID: don’t consign ME/CFS to history
White, P. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03136-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Testimonial Smothering and Domestic Violence Disclosure in Clinical Contexts
Warman, J. (2021) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2021.3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
From Context to Phenomenology in Grief Versus Major Depression
Pies, R. W. (2013) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20130605-09 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Panelli, S., Lorusso, L., Balestrieri, A., Lupo, G., & Capelli, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The impact of a psychiatric diagnosis on the self-narrative of the recipient
Hassall, R. (2020) · History & Philosophy of Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpshpp.2020.21.1.4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Depression, Self-Regulation, and Intersubjectivity
Ratcliffe, M. (2018) · Quodlibet eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv8xnhwc.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, Q., Shao, J., Liang, S., Yu, Y., Li, W., & Wang, C. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01640-z · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update
Su, S., Zhao, Y., Zeng, N., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Zhong, Y., Wu, S., Ni, S., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches
Gheorghita, R. E., Șoldănescu, I., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Filip, R., Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Dimian, M., Mangul, S., & Covașă, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344086 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kennelly, C., Nguyen, A. T. P., Sheikhan, N. Y., Strudwick, G., Ski, C. F., Thompson, D. R., Bartram, M. H., Soklaridis, S., Rossell, S. L., Castle, D. J., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292630 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Social Stigma, Mental Health, Stress, and Health-Related Quality of Life in People with Long COVID
Scholz, U., Bierbauer, W., & Lüscher, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053927 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
McNabb, K. C., Bergman, A., Smith-Wright, R., Seltzer, J. L., Slone, S., Tomiwa, T., Alharthi, A., Davidson, P. M., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., & Ogungbe, O. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17033-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Molero, P., Reina, G., Blom, J. D., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Reinken, A., de Kloet, E. R., & Molendijk, M. L. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796023000719 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Factors associated with psychiatric outcomes and coping in Long COVID
Re’em, Y., Stelson, E., Davis, H., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Assaf, G., & Akrami, A. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00064-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wright, H., Turner, A., Ennis, S., Percy, C., Loftus, G., Clyne, W., Matouskova, G., & Martin, F. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41410 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rehabilitation of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Long COVID: Position Statement
Sacks-Zimmerman, A. L., Bergquist, T. F., Farr, E. M., Cornwell, M. A., & Kanellopoulos, D. (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.10.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Coléon, A., Larrous, F., Kergoat, L., Tichit, M., Hardy, D., Obadia, T., Kornobis, É., Bourhy, H., & de Melo, G. D. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62048-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Barker, K. K., Whooley, O., Madden, E. F., Ahrend, E. E., & Greene, R. N. (2022) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13599 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Unanticipated Use of Fitness Tracking Technologies During Post-COVID Syndrome
Homewood, S., Just, K. O., & Johansson, O. B. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661617 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The double invisibility of Long Covid in children
Wild, C. E. K., MacLean, A., Nettleton, S., Hunt, K., & Ziébland, S. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116770 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Gheorghita, R. E., & Lobiuc, A. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15030439 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hunt, J. (2022) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2022-012415 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cripping the Co-Design of Pacing Technologies For Energy-Limiting Conditions
Homewood, S., Hinkle, C. A., & Kaklopoulou, I. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713990 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Baimukhamedov, C. (2022) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14494 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Long COVID in people living with HIV
Peluso, M. J., & Antar, A. A. R. (2023) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000789 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Suffering without Remedy: The Medically Unexplained Symptoms of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Long COVID
Moretti, C., & Barker, K. K. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13090450 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Meach, R., Carless, D., Sanal‐Hayes, N. E. M., Mclaughlin, M., Hayes, L. D., Mair, J. L., Ormerod, J. A., Hilliard, N., Ingram, J., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2024) · Journal of Patient Experience · doi:10.1177/23743735241272158 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tam, C. C., Qiao, S., Garrett, C. M., Zhang, R., Aghaei, A., Aggarwal, A., Litwin, A. H., & Li, X. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289413 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Understanding Experiences of Youth with Long COVID: A Qualitative Approach
Torres, C., Maeda, K., Johnson, M. L., & Jason, L. A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030335 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Busse, M. E., Pallmann, P., Riaz, M. A., Potter, C., Leggat, F. J., Harris, S. R. S., Longman, A. J., Lowe, R., Edwards, A., Siriwardena, A. N., et al. (2025) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001068 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Laestadius, L. I., Guidry, J. P. D., Bishop, A., & Campos‐Castillo, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105973 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Envisioning Telepresence Robots for Long Covid: A Critical Disability Lens
Ghosh, P., Haripriyan, A., Chow, A., Redfield, S., & Riek, L. D. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3758101 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Affective scaffolding and chronic illness
Byrne, E. A. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2147422 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHyland, M. E., Antonacci, Y., & Bacon, A. M. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13060 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Perceived discrimination in fatigue: a qualitative interview study in the SOMA.SOC project
Barbek, R., Makowski, A. C., & Knesebeck, O. V. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1528312 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lull: Designing Crip Pacing Technologies for Rest
Homewood, S., Koulidou, N., Hinkle, C. A., Kaklopoulou, I., & Bewley, H. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735419 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smith, E. M. R., Anderson, E. E., Deer, R., Prochaska, J. H., Bohn, K., & Croisant, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2022.425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Epistemic Injustice, Medicine, and Gender
Byrne, E. A., & de Boer, M. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197625835.013.0015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social Aspects and Impacts of Long COVID
Lupton, D. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9168-5_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sadowski, J., Ostrowska, S. A., Klaudel, T., Zaborska, M., Chruszcz, M., Sztangreciak-Lehun, A., & Bułdak, R. J. (2025) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-025-01242-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Role of Honor Concerns in Disclosing (vs. Hiding) COVID-19 Diagnosis: Insights from Türkiye
Batur, S. C., Doğulu, C., Akbaş, G., Yet, B., & Üskül, A. K. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01373-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Does Long COVID Exist in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Mehta, N., Ndhlovu, C. E., & Makadzange, T. (2023) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid3070074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bodini, L., Bonetto, C., Colombi, M., Barbieri, N., Bortel, T. V. V., & Lasalvia, A. (2024) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2024.2351151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McDuff, K., Brown, D. A., Clair‐Sullivan, N. S., Carusone, S. C., Erlandson, K. M., Avery, L. M., Bannan, C., Bergin, C. J., Cheung, A. M., Goulding, S., et al. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00822-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Challenge of Long COVID: Is the Pandemic Really Over?
Levin, J., & Bradshaw, M. (2025) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549251358665 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Envisioning Mobile Telemanipulator Robots for Long Covid
Ghosh, P., Haripriyan, A., Chow, A., Redfield, S., & Riek, L. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610978.3640619 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Faux‐Nightingale, A., Saunders, B., Burton, C. L., Chew-Graham, C. A., Somayajula, G., Twohig, H., & Welsh, V. K. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70318 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Difficultés rencontrées par les patients COVID long dans le système de santé belge
Kohn, L., Dauvrin, M., Detollenaere, J., Jong, C. P.-D., de Noordhout, C. M., Castanares‐Zapatero, D., Cleemput, I., & den Heede, K. V. (2022) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.225.0663 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Epistemic Injustice in Medical Contexts
Spencer, L. J., Byrne, E. A., & Kidd, I. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_92-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEpistemic Injustice in Medical Contexts
Spencer, L. J., Byrne, E. A., & Kidd, I. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2252-8_92 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLasalvia, A., Bodini, L., Fin, V., & Bonetto, C. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13407-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Šalamon, Š., Kruger, A., Lupton, D. A., Pretorius, E., Ewing, A. G., & Bar‐Yam, Y. (2025) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2025.100458 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zeiler, K., Jämterud, S. M., León, F., Andersson, A., Thornberg, U. B., Blystad, I., Divanoglou, A., Eklund, A., Engblom, D., & Levi, R. (2026) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-026-10151-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
GUÍA DE PRÁCTICA CLÍNICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN A PERSONAS CON COVID PERSISTENTE
Busquets-García, A., Martín, E., Martínez-Rivera, Ó., Soler, S., & Vallespín, G. T. (2024) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.fmc.2023.06.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Techapoonpon, K., Kerdcharoen, N., Polruamngern, N., Chalermrungroj, T., Srikhamdokk, O., & Matangkarat, P. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2107302/v1
Heuristic Approach to Curate Disease Taxonomy Beyond Nosology-Based Standards
Zhi, H., & Ya, C. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3925-1_10
Techapoonpon, K., Kerdcharoen, N., Polruamngern, N., Chalermrungroj, T., Srikhamdokkhae, O., & Matangkarat, P. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s425537
Infectious diseases and global security: Analysis of global control and vaccination strategies
Strzelecka, B., Neçaj, L., Wisniewska, K., Stróż, S., & Bartoszewicz, M. (2024) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt2024.582
McDuff, K., Brown, D. A., Clair‐Sullivan, N. S., Carusone, S. C., Erlandson, K. M., Avery, L. M., Bannan, C., Bergin, C. J., Cheung, A. M., Harding, R., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.24318864
McNabb, K. C., Bergman, A., Wright, R. S., Seltzer, J. L., Slone, S., Tomiwa, T., Alharthi, A., Davidson, P. M., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., & Ogungbe, O. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24465120
Koenig, M., Rathgeb, C., Pawellek, M., Bauer, T., Alberer, M., Stojanov, S., Warlitz, C., Behrends, U., Kabesch, M., Gerling, S., et al. (2026) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004184
Reconceptualizing the ethics of diagnosis: a Foucauldian framework
Sahm, A. (2026) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13010-026-00227-0
Trust me, I’m a doctor: a phenomenological account of epistemic privilege in the medical context
Spencer, L. J. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2706557
Byrne, E. A., Carel, H., Cooper, F., Degerman, D., Monypenny, A., & Broome, M. R. (2026) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-026-10392-w
Self-citation
- Authors
- Byrne, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Byrne, Eleanor Alexandra
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 99
- Pages
- 17-24
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3202017904
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of York
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- long COVID, disease classification, stigma, social attitudes, illness narratives, clinical resources, patient experience
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Attitude, Humans, Social Stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review