Hashimotos' thyroiditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy
Open accessAbstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the most frequent autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs), is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the iodine-sufficient areas of the world. About 20-30% of patients suffers from HT, whose cause is thought to be a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors that causes the loss of immunological tolerance, with a consequent autoimmune attack to the thyroid tissue and appearance of the disease. The pathologic features of lymphocytic infiltration, especially of T cells, and follicular destruction are the histological hallmark of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), that lead to gradual atrophy and fibrosis. An important role in the immune-pathogenesis of AITDs is due to chemokines and cytokines. In about 20% of patients, AITDs are associated with other organ specific/systemic autoimmune disorders. Many studies have demonstrated the relationship between papillary thyroid cancer and AITD. The treatment of hypothyroidism, as result of AIT, consists in daily assumption of synthetic levothyroxine.
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- Authors
- Ragusa, F., Fallahi, P., Elia, G., Gonnella, D., Paparo, S. R., Giusti, C., Churilov, L. P., Ferrari, S. M., & Antonelli, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- St Petersburg University (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Antonelli, Alessandro
- ORCID
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 101367
- ISSN
- 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2991554478
- Cited by
- 655
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypothyroidism, pathogenesis, genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, immune tolerance, T cell infiltration, chemokines, cytokines, autoimmune disease comorbidity, papillary thyroid carcinoma, levothyroxine therapy, thyroid fibrosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypothyroidism, T-Lymphocytes, Thyroiditis, Autoimmune, Thyroxine, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Hashimoto Disease
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