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Self-crosslinkable chitosan-hyaluronic acid dialdehyde nanoparticles for CD44-targeted siRNA delivery to treat bladder cancer

Liang, Ye, Wang, Yonghua, Wang, Liping, Liang, Zhijuan, Li, Dan, Xu, Xiaoyu, Chen, Yuanbin, Yang, Xuecheng, Zhang, Hongbo, Niu, Haitao·2021·Bioactive Materials

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Graphical abstract CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 1 CD44 expression in bladder tissues and cells and effective Bcl2-siRNA sequences that were screened. A: Immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect CD44 receptor expression in bladder tumours and normal tissues. B: CD44 expression in bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637) and the normal bladder cell line (SV-HUC-1) was detected by western blotting. C: The effective interference sequences were screened for the down regulation of the targeted gene, Bcl2. The siRNA1, 2, 3 are targeted to the sites of 528, 928, 1014 of Bcl2 respectively. All quantification of protein levels was normalized to GAPDH. There were significant differences for the treatment compared with the negative control (NC) group of oligonucleotide transfection (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001).
Fig. 1 CD44 expression in bladder tissues and cells and effective Bcl2-siRNA sequences that were screened. A: Immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect CD44 receptor expression in bladder tumours and normal tissues. B: CD44 expression in bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637) and the normal bladder cell line (SV-HUC-1) was detected by western blotting. C: The effective interference sequences were screened for the down regulation of the targeted gene, Bcl2. The siRNA1, 2, 3 are targeted to the sites of 528, 928, 1014 of Bcl2 respectively. All quantification of protein levels was normalized to GAPDH. There were significant differences for the treatment compared with the negative control (NC) group of oligonucleotide transfection (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001).CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Characterizations of HAD and siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. A: FTIR spectroscopy of Hyaluronic acid dialdehyde (HAD). B: The morphology of the nanoparticles detected by SEM. C: The particle size distribution of siRNA@CS NPs with or without HAD modification. D: Their stability analysis, the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were recorded for 6 days.
Fig. 2 Characterizations of HAD and siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. A: FTIR spectroscopy of Hyaluronic acid dialdehyde (HAD). B: The morphology of the nanoparticles detected by SEM. C: The particle size distribution of siRNA@CS NPs with or without HAD modification. D: Their stability analysis, the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were recorded for 6 days.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Characterizations of siRNA@CS-HAD NPs and effect on cells. A: The loading efficiency of siRNA@CS-HAD NPs with different amounts of encapsulated siRNA (0.5 or 1.5 OD) determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, the tested nanoparticles' concentration was adjusted by siRNA loading degree. B: TGA analysis performed to determine the modification of HA. C: The cytotoxicity of CS NPs and CS-HAD NPs towards L929 (healthy cells) at 24, 48 and 96 h. D: The cell viability of bladder cancer cells with different nanoparticle treated 96h. E: Detection the cleavage of executioner caspase substrate PARP by western blotting after that T24 cells were cultured for 8, 24 and 48h with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. ****p < 0.0001 indicates a highly significantly difference.
Fig. 3 Characterizations of siRNA@CS-HAD NPs and effect on cells. A: The loading efficiency of siRNA@CS-HAD NPs with different amounts of encapsulated siRNA (0.5 or 1.5 OD) determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, the tested nanoparticles' concentration was adjusted by siRNA loading degree. B: TGA analysis performed to determine the modification of HA. C: The cytotoxicity of CS NPs and CS-HAD NPs towards L929 (healthy cells) at 24, 48 and 96 h. D: The cell viability of bladder cancer cells with different nanoparticle treated 96h. E: Detection the cleavage of executioner caspase substrate PARP by western blotting after that T24 cells were cultured for 8, 24 and 48h with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. ****p < 0.0001 indicates a highly significantly difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Evaluation of targeting nanoparticles’ interference effects. A: The fluorescence microscopy observation and protein expression comparisons of the interference effect between targeting nanoparticle (CS-HAD NPs) and a commercial transfection reagent (HiPerFect) containing 1 or 2 μl cy3-siRNA (20μΜ), respectively. B: Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the transfection rates after treatment for 24h. C: Fluorescence microscopy observation after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs treatment for different times. All the red fluorescence is from cy3-labeled siRNA. D: Interference effects and CD44 receptor activation were detected by western blotting at different time points treated with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. **p < 0.01 indicates a highly significantly difference.
Fig. 4 Evaluation of targeting nanoparticles’ interference effects. A: The fluorescence microscopy observation and protein expression comparisons of the interference effect between targeting nanoparticle (CS-HAD NPs) and a commercial transfection reagent (HiPerFect) containing 1 or 2 μl cy3-siRNA (20μΜ), respectively. B: Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the transfection rates after treatment for 24h. C: Fluorescence microscopy observation after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs treatment for different times. All the red fluorescence is from cy3-labeled siRNA. D: Interference effects and CD44 receptor activation were detected by western blotting at different time points treated with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. **p < 0.01 indicates a highly significantly difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Evaluation of CD44 receptor activation. A, B: Fluorescence was observed by confocal microscopy under different magnifications after cells were treated with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. The red fluorescence was cy3-siRNA loaded by the nanoparticles, and the green fluorescence was FITC-stained CD44 with antibody. C: The interference effect of the targeted gene, Bcl2, was detected by qPCR. (*p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001).
Fig. 5 Evaluation of CD44 receptor activation. A, B: Fluorescence was observed by confocal microscopy under different magnifications after cells were treated with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs. The red fluorescence was cy3-siRNA loaded by the nanoparticles, and the green fluorescence was FITC-stained CD44 with antibody. C: The interference effect of the targeted gene, Bcl2, was detected by qPCR. (*p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001).CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Endosomal escape analysis of the intracellular uptaken siRNA@CS-HAD NPs in bladder cancer cells. A: Confocal microscopy images after T24 cells culturing with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs for 1h, 2h, 4h and 6h. The red fluorescence was the cy3-siRNA loaded by nanoparticles, lysosomes were labeled in green fluorescence with Lysotraker staining, and the nuclei were stained blue with DAPI. B: At least 3 images for each group were selected for overlap fluorescence analysis by Image J software.
Fig. 6 Endosomal escape analysis of the intracellular uptaken siRNA@CS-HAD NPs in bladder cancer cells. A: Confocal microscopy images after T24 cells culturing with siRNA@CS-HAD NPs for 1h, 2h, 4h and 6h. The red fluorescence was the cy3-siRNA loaded by nanoparticles, lysosomes were labeled in green fluorescence with Lysotraker staining, and the nuclei were stained blue with DAPI. B: At least 3 images for each group were selected for overlap fluorescence analysis by Image J software.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 In vivo anti-tumour effects of the nanoparticles in a xenograft model. A: Clotting indexes of materials were analysed. Plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial prothrombin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and plasma fibrinogen (Fbg) were measured by an automatic coagulation analyser. The same amounts of PBS were used as the control. The experiments were performed in triplicate. B: After intravenous injection for 20 days, all mice in the four groups of PBS (control), siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, siRNA@CS NPs and naked cy3-siRNA were sacrificed, and the tumours were collected. C: The tumour size was regularly measured and calculated every 5 days. D: The weights of animals and tumours were obtained, and the tumour weight index was calculated by the ratio of the tumour weight to the body weight. E: The liver, spleen and kidney tissues were completely isolated and weighed to calculate organ indexes by the ratio of the tissue (liver, kidney, and spleen) weight to the body weight. *p < 0.05 indicates significant differences, and **p < 0.01 indicates highly significant differences.
Fig. 7 In vivo anti-tumour effects of the nanoparticles in a xenograft model. A: Clotting indexes of materials were analysed. Plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial prothrombin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and plasma fibrinogen (Fbg) were measured by an automatic coagulation analyser. The same amounts of PBS were used as the control. The experiments were performed in triplicate. B: After intravenous injection for 20 days, all mice in the four groups of PBS (control), siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, siRNA@CS NPs and naked cy3-siRNA were sacrificed, and the tumours were collected. C: The tumour size was regularly measured and calculated every 5 days. D: The weights of animals and tumours were obtained, and the tumour weight index was calculated by the ratio of the tumour weight to the body weight. E: The liver, spleen and kidney tissues were completely isolated and weighed to calculate organ indexes by the ratio of the tissue (liver, kidney, and spleen) weight to the body weight. *p < 0.05 indicates significant differences, and **p < 0.01 indicates highly significant differences.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Detection of targeting effects in vivo. A: The fluorescence intensities of tumour-bearing mice were monitored after 4 h of the last injection to detect the targeting effect. B: Immunofluorescence observation under the same exposure for each fluorescent channel after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, naked siRNA, and siRNA@CS NPs treatment compared with the control group of PBS. C: The protein expression of Bcl-2 was analysed by western blotting. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. *p < 0.05 indicates significant differences.
Fig. 8 Detection of targeting effects in vivo. A: The fluorescence intensities of tumour-bearing mice were monitored after 4 h of the last injection to detect the targeting effect. B: Immunofluorescence observation under the same exposure for each fluorescent channel after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, naked siRNA, and siRNA@CS NPs treatment compared with the control group of PBS. C: The protein expression of Bcl-2 was analysed by western blotting. Quantification of the protein level was normalized to GAPDH. *p < 0.05 indicates significant differences.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Detection of accumulation and metabolism of materials in the tumour and major organs. A, B: The fluorescence intensities were monitored and the percentage of fluorescence in each group were analysed. C: Immunofluorescence observation of the liver, spleen and kidney under the same exposure for each fluorescent channel after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, naked siRNA and siRNA@CS NPs treatments compared with the control (PBS).
Fig. 9 Detection of accumulation and metabolism of materials in the tumour and major organs. A, B: The fluorescence intensities were monitored and the percentage of fluorescence in each group were analysed. C: Immunofluorescence observation of the liver, spleen and kidney under the same exposure for each fluorescent channel after siRNA@CS-HAD NPs, naked siRNA and siRNA@CS NPs treatments compared with the control (PBS).CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Liang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Liang, Z., Li, D., Xu, X., Chen, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, H., & Niu, H.
Venue
Bioactive Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-02
Volume
6
Issue
2
Pages
433-446
ISSN
2452-199X
Cited by
101
References
2
Language
en
Update notices
erratum (2024-10-01)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772713, 81472411, 81401899, 81372752)
  • Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (tsqn20161077)
  • Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (2018GSF118197)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622144)
  • Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Research Project
  • Academy of Finland (328933)
  • Sigrid Juselius Foundation (28002247K1)
  • Qingdao University

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