Non-genomic mechanisms of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulation in cancer
Abstract
Propagation of transient signals requires coordinated suppression of antagonistic phosphatase activity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a broad specificity serine/threonine phosphatase that functions as an antagonist of many signaling pathways associated with growth and proliferation, and endogenous inhibitory mechanisms suppress PP2A activity in response to mitogenic stimuli. These inhibitory mechanisms, including expression and activation of endogenous inhibitor proteins and phosphoregulation of PP2A subunits, are also engaged by aberrant constitutive activation of mitogenic pathways in cancer. Inhibition of PP2A activity has been shown to promote malignant transformation and endogenous inhibitory mechanisms of PP2A have been associated with malignant progression and prognosis in a wide range of cancers. Despite existence of recurrent mutations and other genetic and gene regulatory alterationsin PP2A genes, they collectively appear at relatively low frequency, and in only some cancer types. The non-genomic inhibition of PP2A activity by increased expression of endogenous PP2A inhibitor proteins greatly exceeds the frequency of genetic mutations of PP2A genes in human cancers. This feature makes PP2A an untypical tumor suppressor, and may have influenced its recognition as one of the critical human cell transformation mechanisms. We propose that non-genetic inhibition is the dominant mechanism causing loss of PP2A tumor suppressor function in cancer cells, possibly because these mechanisms do not elicit genomic instability associated with genetic loss of function of specific PP2A subunits.
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The tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had been inferred from okadaic acid experiments, in vitro transformation assays, and clinical data, but convincing in vivo data were lacking for some time.
“Although the tumor suppressive role of specific PP2A complexes had already been inferred for a relatively long time, from experiments with the tumor promotor and pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid [100], from in vitro cell transformation assays in a large variety of epithelial cells [101], and from a plethora of clinical data supporting PP2A dysfunction in many different cancer types [5,102”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [103]
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PP2A inhibition is a druggable MEK inhibitor resistance mechanism in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells
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Self-citationStructural mechanism for inhibition of PP2A-B56α and oncogenicity by CIP2A
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“The data show that the CIP2A(1-560) residues cross-linked to B56α are located primarily in the N-terminal head domain (K18, K21, E23, E34, K40) with an additional residue at the C-terminus (K490) (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTargeting PP2A in cancer: an underrated option
Sarais, F., Krempien, F., Koehn, C., Brewing, L., Classen, C. F., Walter, M., & Shokraie, O. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03560-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kauko, O., & Westermarck, J.
- Affiliations
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Kauko, Otto
- Venue
- The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 157-164
- ISSN
- 1357-2725 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2789409174
- Semantic Scholar
- 19ff4b517d290baf0ede3e75a40216d40846bf18
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A inhibitors, tumor suppressor function, cancer, mitogenic signaling, malignant transformation, genomic instability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Mitosis, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Protein Phosphatase 2
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