Targeting Inhibitors of the Tumor Suppressor PP2A for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Open accessAbstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is usually diagnosed in the advanced stages when few effective therapies are available. Given the aggressive clinical course of this disease and lack of good treatment options, the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is of the upmost importance. Several pathways that have shown to contribute to pancreatic cancer progression are negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Here, the endogenous inhibitors of PP2A, SET (also known as I2PP2A) and cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), were shown to be overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer, contributing to decreased PP2A activity and overexpression and stabilization of the oncoprotein c-Myc, a key PP2A target. Knockdown of SET or CIP2A increases PP2A activity, increases c-Myc degradation, and decreases the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, treatment with a novel SET inhibitor, OP449, pharmacologically recapitulates the phenotypes and significantly reduces proliferation and tumorigenic potential of several pancreatic cancer cell lines, with an accompanying attenuation of cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, primary cells from patients with pancreatic cancer were sensitive to OP449 treatment, indicating that PP2A-regulated pathways are highly relevant to this deadly disease. Implications: The PP2A inhibitors SET and CIP2A are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and are important for pancreatic cancer cell growth and transformation; thus, antagonizing SET and/or CIP2A may be an innovative approach for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 12(6); 924–39. ©2014 AACR.
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The therapeutic effects of inhibition of CIP2A protein expression have been validated by numerous studies.
“This is a very important finding because the therapeutic effects of inhibition of CIP2A protein expression have been validated by numerous studies [6 -8,10 -12,21].”
From Oncoprotein CIP2A is stabilized via interaction with tumor suppressor PP2A/B56 (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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Self-citationProtein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers
Farrington, C. C., Yuan, E., Mazhar, S., Izadmehr, S., Hurst, L., Allen-Petersen, B. L., Janghorban, M., Chung, E. M., Wolczanski, G., Galsky, M. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49933-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationmiR-21-5p promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression partially through targeting SET/TAF-Iα
Zhong, J., Ren, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, H., Zhou, L., Yuan, J., Li, P., Chen, X., Liu, W., Wu, D., et al. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.014 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Glucose Metabolism Reprogrammed by Overexpression of IKKϵ Promotes Pancreatic Tumor Growth
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Protein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers
Farrington, C. C., Yuan, E., Mazhar, S., Izadmehr, S., Hurst, L., Allen-Petersen, B. L., Janghorban, M., Chung, E. M., Wolczanski, G., Galsky, M. D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.011443 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationA comprehensive and perspective view of oncoprotein SET in cancer
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The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and Progression of Myeloid Leukemias
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The interaction of SET and protein phosphatase 2A as target for cancer therapy
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Potential anti-tumor effects of FTY720 associated with PP2A activation: a brief review
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Reprogramming the oncogenic response: SET protein as a potential therapeutic target in cancer
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McAnulty, J., & DiFeo, A. V. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249486 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
SET contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer
Mody, H. R., Hung, S. W., Naidu, K., Lee, H., Gilbert, C. A., Hoang, T. T., Pathak, R. K., Manoharan, R., Muruganandan, S., & Govindarajan, R. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19067 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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RetractedPP2A and cancer epigenetics: a therapeutic opportunity waiting to happen
Tinsley, S. L., & Allen-Petersen, B. L. (2022) · NAR Cancer · doi:10.1093/narcan/zcac002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPeroxynitrite promotes serine-62 phosphorylation-dependent stabilization of the oncoprotein c-Myc
Raman, D., Chong, S. J. F., Iskandar, K. B., Hirpara, J. L., & Pervaiz, S. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101587 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Cristóbal, I., Torrejón, B., Rubio, J., Santos, A., Pedregal, M., Caramés, C., Zazo, S., Luque, M., Sanz-Álvarez, M., Madoz‐Gúrpide, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030346 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The therapeutic effects of SET/I2PP2A inhibitors on canine melanoma
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Molla, M. R., Shimizu, A., Komeno, M., Rahman, N. I. A., Soh, J. E. C., Nguyen, L. K. C., Khan, M. R., Tesega, W. W., Chen, S., Pang, X., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04042-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The role of phosphoprotein phosphatases catalytic subunit genes in pancreatic cancer
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Chang, W.-H., Liu, Y., Hammes, E. A., Bryant, K. L., Cerione, R. A., & Antonyak, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102842 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sacco, A., Federico, C., Todoerti, K., Ziccheddu, B., Palermo, V., Giacomini, A., Ravelli, C., Maccarinelli, F., Bianchi, G., Belotti, A., et al. (2021) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2020010572 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Serine/threonine phosphatases in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption
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Stable SET knockdown in breast cell carcinoma inhibits cell migration and invasion
Li, J., Yang, X., Ren, X., Meng, X.-J., Huang, H., Zhao, Q.-H., Yuan, J., Hong, W., Xia, B., Huang, X., et al. (2014) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.013 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Phosphatases and solid tumors: focus on glioblastoma initiation, progression and recurrences
Dedobbeleer, M., Willems, E., Freeman, S. D., Lombard, A., Goffart, N., & Rogister, B. (2017) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20170112 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Investigation of PP2A and Its Endogenous Inhibitors in Neuroblastoma Cell Survival and Tumor Growth
Williams, A. P., Garner, E. F., Waters, A. M., Stafman, L. L., Aye, J. M., Markert, H. R., Stewart, J. E., & Beierle, E. A. (2018) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2018.09.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gao, D., Nyalali, A. M. K., Hou, Y., Xu, Y., Zhou, J., Zhao, W., Huang, B., & Li, F. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-020-01773-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fujiki, H., Sueoka, E., Watanabe, T., Komori, A., & Suganuma, M. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-023-04800-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rationale for MYC imaging and targeting in pancreatic cancer
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Mambro, A. D., & Esposito, M. T. (2022) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20221280 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The next decade of SET: from an oncoprotein to beyond
Yao, H., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjad082 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Pivotal Role of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in Brain Tumors
Cucinotta, L., Filippone, A., Casili, G., Lanza, M., Bova, V., Capra, A. P., Giuffrida, R., Colarossi, C., Sciacca, D., Paterniti, I., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415717 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kohyanagi, N., Kitamura, N., Ikeda, S., Shibutani, S., Sato, K., & Ohama, T. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105584 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
GnRH regulates the expression of its receptor accessory protein SET in pituitary gonadotropes
Avet, C., Denoyelle, C., L’Hôte, D., Petit, F., Guigon, C. J., Cohen-Tannoudji, J., & Simon, V. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201494 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Synergic effect of OP449 and FTY720 on oral squamous cell carcinoma
Goto, R. N., Sobral, L. M., Padovani, K. S., Garcia, C. B., da Silva, G. F., Vitek, M. P., & Leopoldino, A. M. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173268 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAKR1B10 dictates c-Myc stability to suppress colorectal cancer metastasis via PP2A nitration
Wu, X., Huang, S., Gao, J., Huang, S., Chen, L., Zhao, Z., Pu, R., Ma, X., Liu, X., He, W., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adv6937 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
CIP2A is a poor prognostic factor and can be a diagnostic marker in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Chao, T., Maa, H., Wang, C., Pei, D., Liang, Y., Yang, Y., Chou, S., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12602 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Aguilar‐Valdés, A., Noriega, L. G., Tovar, A. R., Ibarra-Sánchez, M. D. J., Sosa‐Hernández, V. A., Maravillas‐Montero, J. L., & Martínez‐Aguilar, J. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Galiger, C., Dahlhaus, M., Vitek, M. P., Debatin, K., & Beltinger, C. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.744984 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMYC and non-small cell lung cancer: A comprehensive review
Kenzerki, M. E., Ahmadi, M., Mousavi, P., & Ghafouri‐Fard, S. (2023) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2023.201185 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tinsley, S. L., Chianis, E. R. D., Shelley, R. A., Mall, G. K., Dhiman, A., Baral, G., Kothandaraman, H., Thoma, M. C., English, I. A., Daniel, C. J., et al. (2024) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-024-03196-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSET-PP2A complex as a new therapeutic target in KMT2A (MLL) rearranged AML
Mambro, A. D., Arroyo-Berdugo, Y., Fioretti, T., Randles, M. J., Cozzuto, L., Rajeeve, V., Cevenini, A., Austin, M. J., Esposito, G., Ponomarenko, J. V., et al. (2023) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-023-02840-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lacroix, A., Farhat, R., Robert, A., Brenner, C., Wiels, J., & Germini, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1444973 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
HMGA2 and protein leucine methylation drive pancreatic cancer lineage plasticity
Dobersch, S., Yamamoto, N., Schutter, A., Cavender, S. M., Robertson, T. M., Kartha, N., Samraj, A. N., Doron, B., Poole, L. A., Wladyka, C. L., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60129-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Thapa, C. J., Roivas, P., Haataja, T., Permi, P., & Pentikäinen, U. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.650881 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kong, J., Li, D., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Fu, Y., Qian, B., Bei, C., Tan, S., & Zhu, X. (2020) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.29629 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
RetractedLum, M. A., Jonas, K. A., Parmar, S., Black, A. R., O’Connor, C. M., Dobersch, S., Yamamoto, N., Robertson, T. M., Schutter, A., Giambi, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci176093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Characterization of SET/I2PP2A Isoforms in Dogs
Yabe, R., Fujiwara, N., Mizuno, T., Usui, T., Ohama, T., & Sato, K. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.14-0209 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MiR-145-5p regulates granulosa cell proliferation by targeting the SET gene in KGN cells
LINGLING, G., QINGXING, Y., Xu, J., Wang, W., & Lu, D. A. N. (2024) · Journal of Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1262/jrd.2024-053 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Henry, M. A., Coleman, O., Prashant, P., CLYNES, M. M., & Meleady, P. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Data mining analysis of the PP2A cell cycle axis in mesothelioma patients
Pippa, R., Boffo, S., Odero, M. D., & Giordano, A. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29414 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tozuka, K., Wongsirisin, P., Nagai, S. E., Kobayashi, Y., Kanno, M., Kubo, K., Takai, K., Inoue, K., Matsumoto, H., Shimizu, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93620-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Template activating factor-I epigenetically regulates the TERT transcription in human cancer cells
Kato, K., Kawaguchi, A., & Nagata, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97009-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Upregulated SET Promotes Cell Survival Through Activating Akt/NF-κB Signal in Colorectal Carcinoma
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Phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 2A facilitated an early stage of chemical carcinogenesis
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Shah, V. M., & Sears, R. C. (2025) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2025.100849 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDistribution of SET/I2PP2A protein in gastrointestinal tissues
Umata, K., Sakai, Y., Ikeda, S., Tsuji, S., Kawasaki, H., Ohama, T., & Sato, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222845 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Biswas, H., Makinwa, Y., Liu, S., Dong, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, J., & Zou, Y. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217790 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Decreased PP2A expression and activity represent a therapeutic target for plexiform neurofibroma
Yue, M., Wang, Y., Gu, J., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Gao, A., Choi, K., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Pundavela, J., et al. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-026-02315-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationActivation of PP2A-B56a leads to aberrant EGFR signaling and proliferative phenotypes in PDAC
Pfeffer, C. M., Clifford, S. J., Karim, S. A., Chianis, E. R. D., N, H. B., Gartenhaus, L. E., Kay, E. F., Baral, G., Hoffman, E. G., Utturkar, S. M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-25-0970 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting PP2A inhibitors as a novel anti-cancer strategy
Ohama, T. (2015) · Folia Pharmacologica Japonica · doi:10.1254/fpj.145.293 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Farrell, A. S., Allen-Petersen, B., Daniel, C. J., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Rodriguez, S., Impey, S., Oddo, J., Vitek, M. P., Lopez, C., Christensen, D. J., Sheppard, B., & Sears, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of 1Molecular and Medical Genetics,
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- 2Hematology and Oncology, and
- 3Surgery,
- Corresponding author
- Sears, Rosalie C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Cancer Research
- Published
- 2014-06-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 924-939
- ISSN
- 1541-7786 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-3125
- PMC
- PMC4116560
- OpenAlex
- W2108146440
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA129040, R01CA129040, R01CA196228, R41CA165570, R01CA100855, P30CA069533)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- pancreatic cancer, protein phosphatase 2A, CIP2A, c-Myc, PP2A inhibitors, tumor suppressor regulation, c-Myc degradation, tumorigenicity, cell proliferation, cell survival signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Peptides, Transcription Factors, Transfection, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Mice, SCID, Mice, Inbred NOD, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Protein Phosphatase 2, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Histone Chaperones
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