Putting yourself in an animal's shoes - empathy and intangible benefits drive tolerance towards wildlife in Namibian communal conservancies
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Many wildlife species are threatened due to persecution and intolerance of people to sharing landscapes with them, especially in mixed use landscapes where both people and wildlife struggle to thrive together. Understanding the factors that promote human tolerance is therefore critical, but progress is hindered by a lack systematic syntheses of studies. The Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) is one attempt to provide a framework based on a systematic synthesis of the large body of work in this field. Here we apply the WTM in communal conservancies in the Zambezi region of Namibia, an important wildlife corridor in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area and one of the few case studies where communities receive monetary benefits from wildlife. Using path modeling, we examined the drivers of tolerance towards five problem species and compared these results with other WTM studies to examine the role of monetary benefits and whether some variables consistently drive tolerance across different species and contexts. Empathy and perceptions of intangible benefits towards a species emerge as consistent drivers of tolerance for all species in Namibia and most other WTM studies but are rarely measured in the literature. Monetary benefits are often presumed to promote tolerance for wildlife however we found only an indirect effect where monetary benefits drive intangible benefits and thus have a “crowding in” effect. These results are encouraging as they suggest tolerance can be promoted indirectly through monetary benefits but also that monetary benefits, for example from trophy hunting are not essential to promote tolerance.
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Case studies of geographic areas with human-wildlife conflict show that empathy for animals and intangible benefits related to their existence is a greater predictor of community tolerance for those animals than monetary costs or benefits.
“case studies of geographic areas with human-wildlife conflict show that empathy for animals and intangible benefits related to their existence is a greater predictor of community tolerance for those animals than monetary costs or benefits (e.g., Kansky & Kidd, 2024; Saif et al., 2020).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kansky & Kidd, 2024
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Schaltegger, C. K., Özgül, A., Andres, L., Alessandrello, V. L., Cozzi, G., von Arx, M., Gerber, N., & Behr, D. M. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111992
Zheng, B., Cai, D., Li, Z., & Qi, X. (2026) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d18100636
Human dimensions of Asiatic black bear presence in Akita City, Japan
Miyazaki, S., Hare, D., & Ostermann‐Miyashita, E. (2026) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-026-02497-6
Navaratnam, A. M. D., Nkwain, C., Leoni, M., Kaindama, L., Dar, O. A., Mohamed-Ahmed, O., & Payne, S. (2026) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2026.2713957
- Authors
- Kansky, R., & Kidd, M.
- Affiliations
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Kansky, Ruth
- Venue
- Biological Conservation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 293
- Pages
- 110588
- ISSN
- 0006-3207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394779198
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Conservation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Volkswagen Foundation (92873)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- empathy, intangible benefits, communal conservancies, trophy hunting, community-based natural resource management, Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, wildlife persecution
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