A review of public opinion on liquid biofuels in the EU: Current knowledge and future challenges
Open accessAbstract
Biofuels are regarded as a key element in order to reach the EU renewable energy targets. However the implementation of biofuel technologies, depending on the type of feedstock utilised, may have significant drawbacks, such as indirect land use change (entailing deforestation and considerable greenhouse gases emissions) and competition with food production (entailing higher food prices). Considering these controversial aspects, it is crucial to understand public opinion towards biofuels. This article therefore reviews the literature on public opinion on liquid biofuels with a focus on EU member states, with consideration of insights from North American studies. The public is in general found to be supportive of biofuels, although public knowledge is found to be limited. However, the perception of risk redistribution implied by biofuels implementation is found to be important in understanding public opinion, and may determine public support. In addition, aspects influencing public opinion, such as media, discourses and knowledge, are identified and discussed. Due to limited knowledge regarding biofuels, we find that public opinion may be vulnerable to dominant discourses, media and social media frames — increased public knowledge may help mitigate such vulnerability. Furthermore, the study indicates increased likelihood of support by an informed and educated public when the implementation of biofuels is considered to be fair. We conclude that there is a need for further research regarding public support and resistance towards biofuels, (i) focusing on policies for biofuel implementation, and (ii) using qualitative prospective assessment methods inspired by participatory technology assessment.
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Complete replacement of fossil fuels with first-generation biofuels on a large scale, such as within the EU, is considered unfeasible due to land constraints, sustainability issues, and limitations in net energy gain for some feedstocks.
“Consequently, the complete replacement of fossil fuels with 1-G biofuels on a large scale, such as within the EU, is considered unfeasible due to land constraints, sustainability issues, and limitations in net energy gain for some feedstocks [105].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [105]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that expanding biofuels grown from purpose-grown biomass increases competition for arable land and can threaten food security. It also identifies indirect land-use change as a sustainability concern. It does not say that complete replacement of fossil fuels by first-generation biofuels in the EU is unfeasible, or discuss limitations in net energy gain for particular feedstocks. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFirst-generation biofuels derived from food crops face sustainability challenges due to direct competition with food supply, concerns about food prices and security, and extensive land and water requirements.
“1-G biofuels, derived from food crops [100], face significant sustainability challenges due to direct competition with food supply, leading to concerns about food prices and security, and extensive land and water requirements [104,105,382].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [105]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says biofuels made from purpose-grown biomass compete for arable land and may raise food prices and affect food security. The Risk Offset section (page unavailable) links first-generation biofuels to dedicated land and food-crop feedstocks. Our copy does not substantiate the claimed extensive water requirements. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Løkke, S., Aramendia, E., & Malskær, J.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University (DK)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Løkke, Søren
- Venue
- Biomass and Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 150
- Pages
- 106094
- ISSN
- 0961-9534 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3160571485
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 8.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomass and Bioenergy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
- Keywords
- public opinion, liquid biofuels, indirect land use change, food competition, risk perception, public knowledge, media framing, hegemonic discourse, renewable energy policy, EU member states, participatory technology assessment
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