CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 438Electromagnetic Fields and Biological EffectsMagnetic and Electromagnetic EffectsOcular and Laser Science Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards

Hardell, Lennart, Sage, Cindy·2008·Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential health risks from power-frequency fields (extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ELF) and from radiofrequency/microwave radiation emissions (RF) from wireless communications. Non-thermal (low-intensity) biological effects have not been considered for regulation of microwave exposure, although numerous scientific reports indicate such effects. The BioInitiative Report is based on an international research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. Health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer, miscarriage and some cardiovascular effects. The BioInitiative Report concluded that a reasonable suspicion of risk exists based on clear evidence of bioeffects at environmentally relevant levels, which, with prolonged exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts. Regarding ELF a new lower public safety limit for habitable space adjacent to all new or upgraded power lines and for all other new constructions should be applied. A new lower limit should also be used for existing habitable space for children and/or women who are pregnant. A precautionary limit should be adopted for outdoor, cumulative RF exposure and for cumulative indoor RF fields with considerably lower limits than existing guidelines, see the BioInitiative Report. The current guidelines for the US and European microwave exposure from mobile phones, for the brain are 1.6 W/Kg and 2 W/Kg, respectively. Since use of mobile phones is associated with an increased risk for brain tumour after 10 years, a new biologically based guideline is warranted. Other health impacts associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields not summarized here may be found in the BioInitiative Report at www.bioinitiative.org.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 12 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Scinicariello, 2007, Genetic heterogeneity and its effect on susceptibility to environmental factors, Eur J Oncol, 12, 155

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–434 of 434

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Hardell, L., & Sage, C.
Affiliations
Örebro University Hospital (SE)
Corresponding author
Hardell, Lennart
ORCID
Hardell, Lennart
Venue
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-02
Volume
62
Issue
2
Pages
104-109
ISSN
0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
OpenAlex
W2153114746
Cited by
438
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 24
FWCI
10.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
Keywords
extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, microwave irradiation, non-thermal biological effects, public exposure limits, power transmission lines, mobile phone radiation, pediatric leukemia, precautionary principle, electromagnetic field regulation, genotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases
MeSH terms
Child, Electromagnetic Fields, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Pregnancy, Radiation Monitoring, Radio Waves, Risk Assessment, Cell Phone

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review