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Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases
Open accessAbstract
Gallic acid (GA), also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a natural secondary metabolite and widely isolated from various fruits, plants and nuts. In recent years, GA has received increasing attention for its powerful anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this review is to clearly illuminate the pharmacological activities and related molecular mechanisms of GA in inflammatory diseases. After consulting a large number of literatures, we made a comprehensive exposition on the chemical characteristics, plant origins, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of GA, especially its pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action. Although the plant source of GA is very rich, its lower extraction rate limits the application of GA in development. It is worth mentioning that GA can not only be separated from many plants, but also be produced in large quantities through biological and chemical synthesis. According to pharmacokinetic studies, the absorption and elimination of GA after oral administration are fast, while the structural optimization or dosage form adjustment of GA is beneficial to increase its bioavailability. Promisingly, toxicity studies have shown that GA scarcely has obvious toxicity or side effects in a variety of animal experiments and clinical trials. The results show that the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GA mainly involved MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. It thus weakens the inflammatory response by reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecule and cell infiltration. Due to its excellent pharmacological activities, GA is expected to be a potential candidate for the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases. This paper will provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of GA and guide the future research and medicinal development of GA.
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“GA and its derivatives are a group of polyphenol compounds with potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities [28].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, C., Hou, Y., Ai, X., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., & Meng, X.
- Affiliations
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Xiaobo
- Meng, Xianli
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 110985
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3106125810
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 30
- FWCI
- 5.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science and Technology Major Project
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773974, 81903922, 81973569)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1703904)
- National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (S201910633017)
- Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province (19SYXHZ0095, 2018JY0467, 2020YFQ0032)
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China (201507002)
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2020XSGG004, CXTD2018015, CXTD2018020, CZYJC1903)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683273)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Tannin, Tannase and Anticancer Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- gallic acid, anti-inflammatory activity, inflammation-related diseases, MAPK signaling, NF-κB signaling, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, toxicity, plant sources
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Gallic Acid, Humans, Inflammation, Signal Transduction, Treatment Outcome, Inflammation Mediators
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