The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The epidemiology of dual diagnosis
Abstract
The English language literature on the epidemiology of dual diagnosis is reviewed. The literature shows mental disorders to be significantly related to alcohol and drug use disorders. The strongest associations involve externalizing mental disorders and alcohol-drug dependence. Mental disorders are associated with alcohol-drug use, problems among users, dependence among problem users, and persistence among people with lifetime dependence. These dual diagnoses are associated with severity and persistence of both mental and alcohol-drug disorders. A wider range of mental disorders is associated with nicotine dependence. Most people with dual diagnosis report their first mental disorder occurred at an earlier age than their first substance disorder. Prospective studies confirm this temporal order, although significant predictive associations are reciprocal. Analyses comparing active and remitted mental disorders suggest that some primary mental disorders are markers and others are causal risk factors for secondary substance disorders. The article closes with a discussion of ways epidemiologic research can be used to help target and evaluate interventions aimed at preventing secondary substance use disorders by treating early-onset primary mental disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, there are high rates of comorbidity between substance abuse and other Axis I conditions [747-749], schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [750], and ASD and mood and anxiety disorders [751].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [747]
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Self-citationPrevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035
Regier, D. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026 · Cited by 3,962
The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications
Khantzian, E. J. (1997) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229709030550 · Cited by 3,242
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160031005 · Cited by 2,085
Self-citationThe Structure of Common Mental Disorders
Krueger, R. F. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921 · Cited by 1,881
Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080151 · Cited by 1,378
Self-citationDieting and binging: A causal analysis.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.40.2.193 · Cited by 1,279
Freeman, H. E., & Robins, L. N. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091752 · Cited by 1,221
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 113 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Aharonovich, 2001, Anger and depressive states among treatment-seeking drug abusers, Am J Addict, 10, 327
- Kranzler, 2003, Dual diagnosis, Am J Addict, 12, S26
- 2000, Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders, Bull World Health Organ, 78, 413
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 · Cited by 2,908
Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction
Sinha, R. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1441.030 · Cited by 1,904
Compton, W. M., Thomas, Y. F., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566 · Cited by 1,152
“Axis I and II comorbidity with drug use disorders has been associated with underachievement, decreased work productivity, poor health, neuropsychological impairment, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis, social dysfunction, violence, incarceration, poverty, homelessness, a lower probability of recovery, p…”
The conception of the ABCD study: From substance use to a broad NIH collaboration
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., Croyle, R. T., Bianchi, D. W., Gordon, J. A., Koroshetz, W. J., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Riley, W. T., Bloch, M. H., Conway, K., et al. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.002 · Cited by 970
“The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was an obvious collaborator in the study, since mental disorders often begin in childhood or adolescence and frequently co-occur with substance use (Kessler, 2004).”
Lai, H. M. X., Cleary, M., Sitharthan, T., & Hunt, G. E. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.031 · Cited by 941
“In addition, there is an rgent need for more prospective data on the full range of disrders and specific subtypes as little attention has been paid to roaden patterns of comorbidity in studies examining the associaion between specific psychiatric and comorbid SUDs (Hall et al., 009; Kessler, 2004).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 730-737
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028877810
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH60220)
- John W. Alden Trust
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- dual diagnosis, alcoholism, drug addiction, nicotine dependence, early-onset mental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Prospective Studies, Tobacco Use Disorder, Comorbidity, Age of Onset, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Disease Progression, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
