The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Extinction Memory Is Impaired in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Background Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in emotional processing and social cognition, which might result from disruption of the underlying neural mechanism(s) governing emotional learning and memory. To investigate this possibility, we measured the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear responses and delayed recall of extinction in schizophrenia and control subjects.Methods Twenty-eight schizophrenia and 18 demographically matched control subjects underwent a 2-day fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall procedure, in which skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude was used as the index of conditioned responses.Results During fear acquisition, 83% of the control subjects and 57% of the patients showed autonomic responsivity ("responders"), and the patients showed larger SCRs to the stimulus that was not paired with the unconditioned stimulus (CS-) than the control subjects. Within the responder group, there was no difference between the patients and control subjects in levels of extinction learning; however, the schizophrenia patients showed significant impairment, relative to the control subjects, in context-dependent recall of the extinction memory. In addition, delusion severity in the patients correlated with baseline skin conductance levels.Conclusions These data are consistent with prior evidence for a heightened neural response to innocuous stimuli in schizophrenia and elevated arousal levels in psychosis. The finding of deficient extinction recall in schizophrenia patients who showed intact extinction learning suggests that schizophrenia is associated with a disturbance in the neural processes supporting emotional memory.
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“Consistent with this possibility, altered fear learning, and related activity of the PFC and amygdala, has been reported in subjects with SZ (Holt et al., 2012; Holt et al., 2009).”
From Losing the sugar coating: Potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2009
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Cites
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Self-citationEffects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419671 · Cited by 3,024
“, 2009), schizophrenia (Holt et al., 2009), and depression (Anand et al.”
The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3916 · Cited by 2,889
Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631 · Cited by 1,466
“Similar observations have been made for schizophrenic subjects (Holt et al. 2009), which suggests that dysfunction in fear extinction circuits might cut across disorders (Graham & Milad 2011, Insel et al.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationWamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Shinn, A. K., Ono, K. E., McKinley, S. K., Ely, A. V., Goff, D. C., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.008 · Cited by 492
From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and anxiety disorders
VanElzakker, M. B., Kathryn Dahlgren, M., Caroline Davis, F., Dubois, S., & Shin, L. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014 · Cited by 482
“Consistent with this strategic plan, researchers have begun to examine fear conditioning and extinction measures across diagnostic categories (e.g., Holt et al., 2009; Lissek et al., 2005).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holt, D. J., Lebron-Milad, K., Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Cassidy, B. S., Walsh, J. P., & Goff, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- McLean Hospital (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holt, Daphne J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 455-463
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3740529
- OpenAlex
- W2076938137
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH076054, K24MH002025)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, memory extinction, fear conditioning, extinction learning, extinction recall, emotional memory, emotional learning, skin conductance response, delusions, contextual memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Memory, Schizophrenic Psychology, Case-Control Studies
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