Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress

Milad, Mohammed R.; Quirk, Gregory J.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631

Cited by 1,466Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress

Open access

Milad, Mohammed R., Quirk, Gregory J.·2012·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631PMC PMC4942586

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The psychology of extinction has been studied for decades. Approximately 10 years ago, however, there began a concerted effort to understand the neural circuits of extinction of fear conditioning, in both animals and humans. Progress during this period has been facilitated by a high degree of coordination between rodent and human researchers examining fear extinction. Here we review the major advances and highlight new approaches to understanding and exploiting fear extinction. Research in fear extinction could serve as a model for translational research in other areas of behavioral neuroscience.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631

Cites

230 of 230 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

vmPFC supports extinction while cACC supports increased aversive processing.
“A closely related domain of research on conditioning and extinction in both rodents and humans also suggests that ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), an area neighboring rACC, supports extinction while cACC supports increased aversive processing (Milad and Quirk, 2012; see Figure 7).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Milad and Quirk, 2012
The section on the human vmPFC reports that its activation correlates with extinction recall. The section on the dorsal anterior cingulate reports dACC involvement in conditioned fear expression and responses to aversive stimuli, but the paper does not identify that region as cACC or establish a broader role in increased aversive processing. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The vmPFC is proposed to be the homologue for the IL in rodents and serves to inhibit threat responses produced by the amygdala.
“The vmPFC is proposed to be the homologue for the IL in rodents [87] and serves to inhibit threat responses produced by the amygdala.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
vmPFC modulates amygdala processing of conditioned fear by suppressing fear responses.
“The vmPFC is thought to modulate amygdala processing of conditioned fear by suppressing fear responses through a set of amygdala neurons in the intercalated region between the basolateral and central amygdala nucleus (Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Milad and Quirk, 2012
The vmPFC is activated during retrieval of extinction learning and down-regulates the amygdala.
“The vmPFC is activated during retrieval of extinction learning and down-regulates the amygdala”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as Milad and Quirk, 2012
In PTSD, there is both hyperactivation of the fear expression and hypoactivation of the extinction memory networks.
“Therefore, in PTSD, there is both hyperactivation of the fear expression and hypoactivation of the extinction memory networks [59, 60].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [59]

Extinction represents formation of a new memory, an extinction memory, signifying CS-no US, that competitively inhibits the memory of the CS-US contingency and expression of its associated CR when the CS is again encountered.
“However, rather than erasing the CS-US association, extinction represents formation of a new memory, an “extinction memory,” signifying “CS-no US,” that competitively inhibits the memory of the CS-US contingency and expression of its associated CR when the CS is again encountered [51–59].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
A deficit in the ability to encode, consolidate, or retrieve extinction memory is believed to play a role in the development and perpetuation of anxiety and trauma-related disorders.
“A deficit in the ability to encode, consolidate, or retrieve extinction memory is believed to play a role in the development and perpetuation of such disorders [6, 59, 61, 87].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a fear expression network) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an extinction memory network) that includes the hippocampus and ventro
“Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a “fear expression network”) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an “extinction memory network”) that includes the hippocampus and”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
Brain circuitry at the core of threat discrimination learning includes areas within the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
“Brain circuitry at the core of threat discrimination learning includes areas within the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)1.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
During threat extinction training, presenting the CS without the aversive outcome results in reduced amygdala responses to the CS over time.
“During threat extinction training, the CS is presented without the aversive outcome, which results in reduced amygdala responses to the CS over time3, with the mPFC playing a critical role1,4,5.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
The mPFC plays a critical role in threat extinction training.
“During threat extinction training, the CS is presented without the aversive outcome, which results in reduced amygdala responses to the CS over time3, with the mPFC playing a critical role1,4,5.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [1]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Emotion circuits in the brain
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444 · see citing works
Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis
Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0135058100 · Cited by 6,358 · see citing works
Psychophysiological and Modulatory Interactions in Neuroimaging
Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0291 · Cited by 3,097 · see citing works
Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004 · Cited by 3,059 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Numerous reviews on molecular mechanisms of extinction, clinical relevance, and inhibition circuitry within the amygdala have recently appeared (Pape & Paré 2010, Herry et al 2010, Sotres-Bayon & Quirk 2010, Myers et al 2011, Etkin et al 2011).”
Background
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Masked Presentations of Emotional Facial Expressions Modulate Amygdala Activity without Explicit Knowledge
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00411.1998 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Resting-State Functional Connectivity Reflects Structural Connectivity in the Default Mode Network
Greicius, M. D., Supekar, K., Menon, V., & Dougherty, R. F. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn059 · Cited by 2,175 · see citing works
Integrative activity of the brain
Konorski, J. (1967) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,043 · see citing works
5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression
Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E. M., Verchinski, B. A., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., Egan, M. F., Mattay, V. S., Hariri, A. R., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1463 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning
Bouton, M. E. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging
Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1948051 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works
Intrinsic functional connectivity as a tool for human connectomics: theory, properties, and optimization
Van Dijk, K. R. A., Hedden, T., Venkataraman, A., Evans, K. C., Lazar, S. W., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00783.2009 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01138 · Cited by 1,836 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moving closer to a test of causality, Milad and Quirk (2002) showed that mimicking IL tone responses with microstimulation reduced fear and strengthened extinction.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Extinction Learning in Humans
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Response and Habituation of the Human Amygdala during Visual Processing of Facial Expression
Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80219-6 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301555 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Self-citation
Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear
LeDoux, J., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. (1988) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-07-02517.1988 · Cited by 1,580 · see citing works
Differential projections of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex in the rat
Vertes, R. P. (2004) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10279 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study
LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80475-4 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research—Past, Present, and Future
Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Integrative activity of the brain
Konorski, J. (1967) · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
Association of <emph type="ital">FKBP5</emph> Polymorphisms and Childhood Abuse With Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adults
Binder, E. B. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1291 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
Neurobiological Basis of Failure to Recall Extinction Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., Ellis, C. B., Gold, A. L., Shin, L. M., Lasko, N. B., Zeidan, M. A., Handwerger, K., Orr, S. P., & Rauch, S. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.026 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala
McDonald, A. J. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00003-3 · Cited by 1,303 · see citing works
Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety
Tye, K. M., Prakash, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fenno, L. E., Grosenick, L., Zarabi, H., Thompson, K. R., Gradinaru, V., Ramakrishnan, C., & Deisseroth, K. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09820 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms
Schiller, D., Monfils, M.-H., Raio, C. M., Johnson, D. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08637 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Recall of Fear Extinction in Humans Activates the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus in Concert
Milad, M. R., Wright, C. I., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Quirk, G. J., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.011 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dissociable roles of prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, ventral hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala in the expression and extinction of conditioned fear
Sierra-Mercado, D., Padilla-Coreano, N., & Quirk, G. J. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.184 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Self-citation
Crouching as an index of fear.
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1969) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026779 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Normal Sexual Dimorphism of the Adult Human Brain Assessed by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Goldstein, J. M. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.6.490 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Plastic Synaptic Networks of the Amygdala for the Acquisition, Expression, and Extinction of Conditioned Fear
Pape, H.-C., & Pare, D. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat: an emerging framework for understanding functions of the amygdala
Pitkänen, A., Savander, V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01125-9 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories
Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167975 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear
Quirk, G. J., Russo, G. K., Barron, J. L., & Lebron, K. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06225.2000 · Cited by 957 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…an attempt to resolve the apparent conflict in previous studies assessing vmPFC's role in extinction (Morgan et al 1993, Gewirtz et al 1997), Quirk et al. (2000) made lesions of the vmPFC, focusing on the infralimbic subregion (IL), as opposed to the prelimbic subregion (PL)(see figure 2).”
ResultSelf-citation
Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study
Büchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80476-6 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits
Herry, C., Ciocchi, S., Senn, V., Demmou, L., Müller, C., & Lüthi, A. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07166 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons
Quirk, G. J., Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J. G., & Paré, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-25-08800.2003 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Self-citation
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
Ciocchi, S., Herry, C., Grenier, F., Wolff, S. B. E., Letzkus, J. J., Vlachos, I., Ehrlich, I., Sprengel, R., Deisseroth, K., Stadler, M. B., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09559 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex
Morgan, M. A., Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90241-c · Cited by 897 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The first direct evidence for the involvement of the vmPFC in fear extinction came from LeDoux and coworkers (Morgan et al. 1993), who showed that pretraining lesions of the vmPFC had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned fear but impaired fear extinction across days.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience
Greenberg, B. D., Gabriels, L. A., Malone, D. A., Rezai, A. R., Friehs, G. M., Okun, M. S., Shapira, N. A., Foote, K. D., Cosyns, P. R., Kubu, C. S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.55 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
The structural and functional connectivity of the amygdala: from normal emotion to pathological anxiety
Kim, M. J., Loucks, R. A., Palmer, A. L., Brown, A. C., Solomon, K. M., Marchante, A. N., & Whalen, P. J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.025 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Facilitation of Conditioned Fear Extinction by Systemic Administration or Intra-Amygdala Infusions of d-Cycloserine as Assessed with Fear-Potentiated Startle in Rats
Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K.-T., & Davis, M. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-06-02343.2002 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor
Ressler, K. J., Mercer, K. B., Bradley, B., Jovanovic, T., Mahan, A., Kerley, K., Norrholm, S. D., Kilaru, V., Smith, A. K., Myers, A. J., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09856 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat
Hurley, K. M., Herbert, H., Moga, M. M., & Saper, C. B. (1991) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903080210 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Tests for the associative value of the context.
Bouton, M. E., & King, D. A. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.9.3.248 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus.
Rescorla, R. A., & Heth, C. D. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.1.1.88 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Perineuronal Nets Protect Fear Memories from Erasure
Gogolla, N., Caroni, P., Lüthi, A., & Herry, C. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174146 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI
Roy, A. K., Shehzad, Z., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Gotimer, K., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.030 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: a case for sex-specific medicines
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Behavioral studies of Pavlovian conditioning
Rescorla, R. A. (1988) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001553 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Microstimulation reveals opposing influences of prelimbic and infralimbic cortex on the expression of conditioned fear
Vidal-Gonzalez, I., Vidal-Gonzalez, B., Rauch, S. L., & Quirk, G. J. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.306106 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study
Bremner, J. D., Staib, L. H., Kaloupek, D. G., Southwick, S. M., Soufer, R., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00297-2 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Hippocampus-specific deletion of BDNF in adult mice impairs spatial memory and extinction of aversive memories
Heldt, S. A., Stanek, L., Chhatwal, J. P., & Ressler, K. J. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001957 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memoryPreprint
Andreano, J. M., & Cahill, L. F. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.918309 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala
Falls, W., Miserendino, M., & Davis, M. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-03-00854.1992 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms
Bouton, M. E., Westbrook, R. F., Corcoran, K. A., & Maren, S. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.015 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder
Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: A PET investigation
Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.575 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Prefrontal control of fear: more than just extinction
Sotres-Bayon, F., & Quirk, G. J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.005 · Cited by 625 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, the prefrontal cortex is not simply an inhibitor, but is able to exert dual control over fear expression via separate modules, each with access to separate sets of inputs and outputs (Sotres-Bayon & Quirk 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Fear extinction in rats: Implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders
Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., & Quirk, G. J. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.008 · Cited by 597 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Human neuroimaging findings predicted that fear extinction recall and its associated network would be impaired in PTSD patients (Milad et al. 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90304-4 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
A Genetic Variant BDNF Polymorphism Alters Extinction Learning in Both Mouse and Human
Soliman, F., Glatt, C. E., Bath, K. G., Levita, L., Jones, R. M., Pattwell, S. S., Jing, D., Tottenham, N., Amso, D., Somerville, L. H., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1181886 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Activity in Prelimbic Cortex Is Necessary for the Expression of Learned, But Not Innate, Fears
Corcoran, K., & Quirk, G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5327-06.2007 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm.
Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.1.11 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli
LeDoux, J., Sakaguchi, A., & Reis, D. (1984) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-03-00683.1984 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Sustained Conditioned Responses in Prelimbic Prefrontal Neurons Are Correlated with Fear Expression and Extinction Failure
Burgos-Robles, A., Vidal-Gonzalez, I., & Quirk, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0378-09.2009 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Self-citation
Projections to the subcortical forebrain from anatomically defined regions of the medial geniculate body in the rat
LeDoux, J. E., Ruggiero, D. A., & Reis, D. J. (1985) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902420204 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Event-related functional MRI: Past, present, and future
Rosen, B. R., Buckner, R. L., & Dale, A. M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.773 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Unrest at rest: Default activity and spontaneous network correlations
Buckner, R. L., & Vincent, J. L. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.010 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Consolidation of Fear Extinction Requires NMDA Receptor-Dependent Bursting in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Burgos-Robles, A., Vidal-Gonzalez, I., Santini, E., & Quirk, G. J. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.021 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citation
Presence and acquired origin of reduced recall for fear extinction in PTSD: Results of a twin study
Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Lasko, N. B., Chang, Y., Rauch, S. L., & Pitman, R. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.017 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of D-Cycloserine on Extinction: Translation From Preclinical to Clinical Work
Davis, M., Ressler, K., Rothbaum, B. O., & Richardson, R. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.084 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Context-Dependent Human Extinction Memory Is Mediated by a Ventromedial Prefrontal and Hippocampal Network
Kalisch, R., Korenfeld, E., Stephan, K. E., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2021-06.2006 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.121 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
A Role for the Human Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Fear Expression
Milad, M. R., Quirk, G. J., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Fischl, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.032 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuronal circuits of fear extinction
Herry, C., Ferraguti, F., Singewald, N., Letzkus, J. J., Ehrlich, I., & Lüthi, A. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07101.x · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Consolidation of Fear Extinction Requires Protein Synthesis in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Santini, E., Ge, H., Ren, K., de Ortiz, S. P., & Quirk, G. J. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0786-04.2004 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction
Likhtik, E., Popa, D., Apergis-Schoute, J., Fidacaro, G. A., & Paré, D. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07167 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents
Holmes, A., & Wellman, C. L. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Organization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat
McDonald, A. J. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90247-l · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Induction of Fear Extinction with Hippocampal-Infralimbic BDNF
Peters, J., Dieppa-Perea, L. M., Melendez, L. M., & Quirk, G. J. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1186909 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estrous cycle phase and gonadal hormones influence conditioned fear extinction
Milad, M. R., Igoe, S. A., Lebron-Milad, K., & Novales, J. E. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.011 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory
Milad, M. R., Quinn, B. T., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Fischl, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502441102 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional Perseveration: An Update on Prefrontal-Amygdala Interactions in Fear ExtinctionPreprint
Sotres-Bayón, F., Bush, D. E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.79504 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Amygdala–Hippocampal Involvement in Human Aversive Trace Conditioning Revealed through Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Büchel, C., Dolan, R. J., Armony, J. L., & Friston, K. J. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-24-10869.1999 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Information Cascade from Primary Auditory Cortex to the Amygdala: Corticocortical and Corticoamygdaloid Projections of Temporal Cortex in the Rat
Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/3.6.515 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Hippocampal Inactivation Disrupts the Acquisition and Contextual Encoding of Fear Extinction
Corcoran, K., Desmond, T., Frey, K., & Maren, S. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2246-05.2005 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
The Study of Fear Extinction: Implications for Anxiety Disorders
Graham, B. M., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11040557 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety
Davis, M. (2000) · The Amygdala · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198505013.003.0006 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Spontaneous recovery
Rescorla, R. A. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.77504 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Synaptic correlates of fear extinction in the amygdala
Amano, T., Ünal, Ç. T., & Paré, D. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2499 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors mediate long-term potentiation in interneurons in the amygdala
Mahanty, N. K., & Sah, P. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29312 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Impaired stress-coping and fear extinction and abnormal corticolimbic morphology in serotonin transporter knock-out mice
Wellman, C. L., Izquierdo, A., Garrett, J. E., Martin, K. P., Carroll, J., Millstein, R., Lesch, K.-P., Murphy, D. L., & Holmes, A. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4595-06.2007 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Prefrontal Control of the Amygdala
Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J. G., Paz, R., & Paré, D. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2314-05.2005 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Estradiol Modulates Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala Activity During Fear Extinction in Women and Female Rats
Zeidan, M. A., Igoe, S. A., Linnman, C., Vitalo, A., Levine, J. B., Klibanski, A., Goldstein, J. M., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.016 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citation
Electrical Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Conditioned Fear in a Temporally Specific Manner.
Milad, M. R., Vidal-Gonzalez, I., & Quirk, G. J. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.2.389 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value
Gottfried, J. A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1314 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Intrinsic GABAergic neurons in the rat central extended amygdala
Sun, N., & Cassell, M. D. (1993) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903300308 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Imaging Genetics: Perspectives from Studies of Genetically Driven Variation in Serotonin Function and Corticolimbic Affective Processing
Hariri, A. R., Drabant, E. M., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.005 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: A cellular mechanism of fear learning and memory
Sigurdsson, T., Doyère, V., Cain, C. K., & LeDoux, J. E. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.022 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Prefrontal Cortex Long-Term Potentiation, But Not Long-Term Depression, Is Associated with the Maintenance of Extinction of Learned Fear in Mice
Herry, C., & Garcia, R. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-02-00577.2002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Indelibility of Subcortical Emotional Memories
LeDoux, J. E., Romanski, L. M., & Xagoraris, A. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.3.238 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The influence of gonadal hormones on conditioned fear extinction in healthy humans
Milad, M. R., Zeidan, M. A., Contero, A., Pitman, R. K., Klibanski, A., Rauch, S. L., & Goldstein, J. M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.030 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inactivation of the infralimbic but not the prelimbic cortex impairs consolidation and retrieval of fear extinction
Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1474609 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Neuropeptide S-Mediated Control of Fear Expression and Extinction: Role of Intercalated GABAergic Neurons in the Amygdala
Jüngling, K., Seidenbecher, T., Sosulina, L., Lesting, J., Sangha, S., Clark, S. D., Okamura, N., Duangdao, D. M., Xu, Y.-L., Reinscheid, R. K., et al. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: Effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training.
Davis, M. E., & Astrachan, D. I. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037//0097-7403.4.2.95 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Hippocampal involvement in contextual modulation of fear extinction
Ji, J., & Maren, S. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20331 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Acquisition of Fear Extinction Requires Activation of NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in the Lateral Amygdala
Sotres-Bayon, F., Bush, D. E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301316 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Altered Processing of Contextual Information during Fear Extinction in PTSD: An fMRI Study
Rougemont-Bücking, A., Linnman, C., Zeffiro, T. A., Zeidan, M. A., Lebron-Milad, K., Rodriguez-Romaguera, J., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00152.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citation
Context modulation of memory for fear extinction in humans.
Milad, M., Orr, S., Pitman, R., & Rauch, S. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00302.x · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citation
Noradrenergic Signaling in Infralimbic Cortex Increases Cell Excitability and Strengthens Memory for Fear Extinction
Mueller, D., Porter, J. T., & Quirk, G. J. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3248-07.2008 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex-Amygdala Circuit in Stress Effects on the Extinction of Fear
Akirav, I., & Maroun, M. (2007) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2007/30873 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Fear Conditioning and Extinction Differentially Modify the Intrinsic Excitability of Infralimbic Neurons
Santini, E., Quirk, G. J., & Porter, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2623-07.2008 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reciprocal patterns of c-Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala after extinction and renewal of conditioned fear
Knapska, E., & Maren, S. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1463909 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Estrogen Alters Spine Number and Morphology in Prefrontal Cortex of Aged Female Rhesus Monkeys
Hao, J., Rapp, P. R., Leffler, A. E., Leffler, S. R., Janssen, W. G. M., Lou, W. Y. W., McKay, H. M., Roberts, J. A., Wearne, S. L., Hof, P. R., et al. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3440-05.2006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Amygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning
Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., Cheng, D. T., Stein, E. A., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2004) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.4.3.317 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation With High-Frequency and Low-Intensity Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Boggio, P. S., Rocha, M., de Oliveira, M. O., Fecteau, S., Cohen, R. B., Campanhã, C., Ferreira-Santos, E., Meleiro, A. M. A. D. S., Corchs, F., Zaghi, S., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04638blu · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Impaired Fear Extinction Learning and Cortico-Amygdala Circuit Abnormalities in a Common Genetic Mouse Strain
Hefner, K. R., Whittle, N., Juhasz, J., Norcross, M. A., Karlsson, R., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Singewald, N., & Holmes, A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4904-07.2008 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A Subpopulation of Neurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Encodes Emotional Learning with Burst and Frequency Codes through a Dopamine D4Receptor-Dependent Basolateral Amygdala Input
Laviolette, S. R., Lipski, W. J., & Grace, A. A. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1168-05.2005 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
mGluR5 Has a Critical Role in Inhibitory Learning
Xu, J., Zhu, Y., Contractor, A., & Heinemann, S. F. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5716-08.2009 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Effect of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, a Small-Molecule TrkB Agonist, on Emotional Learning
Andero, R., Heldt, S. A., Ye, K., Liu, X., Armario, A., & Ressler, K. J. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030326 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
A Role for Prefrontal Cortex in Memory Storage for Trace Fear Conditioning
Runyan, J. D., Moore, A. N., & Dash, P. K. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4880-03.2004 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Normal conditioning inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medial prefrontal cortex in rats.
Gewirtz, J. C., Falls, W. A., & Davis, M. E. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.4.712 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A History of Corticosterone Exposure Regulates Fear Extinction and Cortical NR2B, GluR2/3, and BDNF
Gourley, S. L., Kedves, A. T., Olausson, P., & Taylor, J. R. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.123 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Reinstatement of fear responses in human aversive conditioning.
Hermans, D., Dirikx, T., Vansteenwegenin, D., Baeyens, F., den Bergh, O. V., & Eelen, P. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.013 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Prelimbic cortical BDNF is required for memory of learned fear but not extinction or innate fear
Choi, D. C., Maguschak, K. A., Ye, K., Jang, S.-W., Myers, K. M., & Ressler, K. J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909359107 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ventral hippocampal muscimol disrupts context‐specific fear memory retrieval after extinction in rats
Hobin, J. A., Ji, J.-Z., & Maren, S. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20144 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Bidirectional synaptic plasticity in intercalated amygdala neurons and the extinction of conditioned fear responses
Royer, S., & Paré, D. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00455-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Context conditioning and behavioral avoidance in a virtual reality environment: effect of predictability
Grillon, C., Baas, J. M. P., Cornwell, B., & Johnson, L. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.072 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
The intercalated cell masses project to the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala in cats
Paré, D., & Smith, Y. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90050-p · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Memory processes in classical conditioning.
Bouton, M., & Moody, E. W. (2004) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.001 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders in women
Pigott, T. A. (2003) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00040-6 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Extinction Learning Before Trauma and Subsequent Posttraumatic Stress
Guthrie, R. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000208629.67653.cc · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Estrogen modulates sexually dimorphic contextual fear extinction in rats through estrogen receptor β
Chang, Y., Yang, C., Liang, Y., Yeh, C.-M., Huang, C., & Hsu, K. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20581 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Estrogen Promotes Stress Sensitivity in a Prefrontal Cortex-Amygdala Pathway
Shansky, R. M., Hamo, C., Hof, P. R., Lou, W., McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq003 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: Effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training.
Davis, M. J., & Astrachan, D. I. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.4.2.95 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
New findings on extinction of conditioned fear early in development: theoretical and clinical implications
Kim, J. H., & Richardson, R. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a return to the original acquistion context
Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., Vervliet, B., Francken, G., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Reinstatement of Conditioned Fear in Humans Is Context Dependent and Impaired in Amnesia.
LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.677 · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…fear phenomena: renewal, reinstatement, and the context dependency of extinction (Vervliet et al 2005, Vansteenwegen et al 2005, Hermans et al 2005, LaBar & Phelps 2005, Milad et al 2005a, Norrholm et al 2006) extinction in adolescents (Pine et al 2001), and the use of virtual reality (Baas et al…”
Background
Does gender play a role in functional asymmetry of ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
Tranel, D., Damásio, H., Denburg, N. L., & Bechara, A. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh643 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid complex
Nitecka, L., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (1987) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902660105 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with HPA axis reactivity to psychological stress characterized by genotype and gender interactions
Shalev, I., Lerer, E., Israel, S., Uzefovsky, F., Gritsenko, I., Mankuta, D., Ebstein, R. P., & Kaitz, M. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.017 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Glutamate receptors in extinction and extinction-based therapies for psychiatric illness
Myers, K. M., Carlezon, W., & Davis, M. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.88 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Electrolytic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus disrupt renewal of conditional fear after extinction.Preprint
Ji, J.-Z., & Maren, S. (2005) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.91705 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Context conditioning and extinction in humans: differential contribution of the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Lang, S., Kroll, A., Lipinski, S. J., Wessa, M., Ridder, S., Christmann, C., Schad, L. R., & Flor, H. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06624.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Extinction memory is impaired in schizophrenia
Holt, D. J., Lebron-Milad, K., Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Cassidy, B. S., Walsh, J. P., & Goff, D. C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.017 · Cited by 170 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Similar observations have been made for schizophrenic subjects (Holt et al. 2009), which suggests that dysfunction in fear extinction circuits might cut across disorders (Graham & Milad 2011, Insel et al.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Plasma glycine and serine levels in schizophrenia compared to normal controls and major depression: relation to negative symptoms
Sumiyoshi, T., Yağcioğlu, A. E. A., Dai, J., Jayathilake, K., Lee, M. J., & Meltzer, H. Y. (2004) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145703003900 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm
Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Vervliet, B., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Duncan, E. J. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.393906 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Evidence that GABA transmission mediates context-specific extinction of learned fear
Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050745 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Building and Burying Fear Memories in the Brain
Maren, S. (2005) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858404269232 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Functional MRI of human amygdala activity during Pavlovian fear conditioning: Stimulus processing versus response expression.
Cheng, D. T., Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., Stein, E. A., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.117.1.3 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effect of Two Related Peptides on Extinction of Avoidance Behavior
Bohus, B., & de Wied, D. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3733.318 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Retraining of extinguished Pavlovian stimuli.
Rescorla, R. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.27.2.115 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Fear potentiation and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm
Jovanovic, T., Keyes, M., Fiallos, A., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., & Duncan, E. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.025 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical Analyses of Long-Term Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Adolescent Rats
Kim, J. H., Li, S., & Richardson, R. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq116 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Metabolic Mapping of Mouse Brain Activity after Extinction of a Conditioned Emotional Response
Barrett, D. W., Shumake, J., Jones, D., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05740.2003 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit
Applegate, C. D., Frysinger, R. C., Kapp, B. S., & Gallagher, M. (1982) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90123-8 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Involvement of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex on cannabidiol-induced attenuation of contextual conditioned fear in rats
Lemos, J. I., Resstel, L. B., & Guimarães, F. S. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.09.045 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Brain Structure Correlates of Individual Differences in the Acquisition and Inhibition of Conditioned Fear
Hartley, C. A., Fischl, B., & Phelps, E. A. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq253 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Effect of atropine on learning, extinction, retention and retrieval in rats
Burešová, O., Bureš, J., Bohdanecký, Z., & Weiss, T. (1964) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02341258 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Conditioning and extinction of a food-rewarded response after selective ablations of frontal cortex in rhesus monkeys
Butter, C. M., Mishkin, M., & Rosvold, H. E. (1963) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(63)90094-3 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Anticorrelated resting-state functional connectivity in awake rat brain
Liang, Z., King, J. A., & Zhang, N. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.009 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rostral anterior cingulate volume predicts treatment response to cognitive-behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K. L., Whitford, T. J., Kemp, A. H., Hughes, G., Peduto, A. S., & Williams, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0816 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Infralimbic D2 Receptors Are Necessary for Fear Extinction and Extinction-Related Tone Responses
Mueller, D. T., Bravo-Rivera, C., & Quirk, G. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.014 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual differences in fear: Isolating fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes
Bush, D. E. A., Sotres-Bayón, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20261 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system in the processing of anxiety and fear and how CB1 receptors may modulate fear extinction
Lafenêtre, P., Chaouloff, F., & Marsicano, G. (2007) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.09.006 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal cortex and Pavlovian conditioning: Trace versus delay conditioning.
McLaughlin, J., Skaggs, H., Churchwell, J., & Powell, D. A. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.1.37 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Hippocampal low-frequency stimulation and chronic mild stress similarly disrupt fear extinction memory in rats.
Garcia, R., Spennato, G., Nilsson-Todd, L., Moreau, J., & Deschaux, O. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.005 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a stimulus change after extinction
Vervliet, B., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.005 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The role of prefrontal cortex CB1 receptors in the modulation of fear memory
Lin, H.-C., Mao, S.-C., Su, C.-L., & Gean, P.-W. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn075 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Postextinction Infusion of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Into the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Memory of the Extinction of Conditioned FearPreprint
Hugues, S., Deschaux, O., & Garcia, R. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.77704 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The effect of amobarbital sodium on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle response in rats
Chi, C. C. (1965) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00403634 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning
Dunsmoor, J. E., Bandettini, P. A., & Knight, D. C. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.042 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Effect of Temporary Amygdala Inactivation on Extinction and Reextinction of Fear in the Developing Rat: Unlearning as a Potential Mechanism for Extinction Early in Development
Kim, J. H., & Richardson, R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4736-07.2008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The basolateral amygdala is necessary for learning but not relearning extinction of context conditioned fear.Preprint
Laurent, V., Marchand, A., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.928208 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Fear conditioning in virtual reality contexts: a new tool for the study of anxiety
Baas, J. M., Nugent, M., Lissek, S., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.024 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Physiological identification and infralimbic responsiveness of rat intercalated amygdala neurons
Amir, A., Amano, T., & Paré, D. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00136.2011 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Conditioning, and Network Theory
Pitman, R. K. (1988) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19880301-11 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Single-Unit Activity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Immediate and Delayed Extinction of Fear in Rats
Chang, C., Berke, J. D., & Maren, S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011971 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Resting Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Metabolism Predicts Functional Activation of the Fear Extinction Circuit
Linnman, C., Zeidan, M. A., Furtak, S. C., Pitman, R. K., Quirk, G. J., & Milad, M. R. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10121780 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of yohimbine on the extinction of conditioned fear: A role for context.
Morris, R. W., & Bouton, M. E. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.501 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Reconsideration of the role of the hippocampus in learned inhibition
Chan, K.-H., Morell, J. R., Jarrard, L. E., & Davidson, T. L. (2001) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00363-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Unconditioned responses and functional fear networks in human classical conditioning
Linnman, C., Rougemont-Bücking, A., Beucke, J. C., Zeffiro, T. A., & Milad, M. R. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.045 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of hippocampal lesions on extinction and “hypothesis” behavior in rats
Kimble, D. P., & Kimble, R. J. (1970) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90271-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lack of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activation Underlies the Immediate Extinction Deficit
Kim, S. C., Jo, Y. S., Kim, I. H., Kim, H., & Choi, J.-S. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4145-09.2010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Memory for Fear Extinction Requires mGluR5-Mediated Activation of Infralimbic Neurons
Fontanez-Nuin, D. E., Santini, E., Quirk, G. J., & Porter, J. T. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq147 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Paradoxical Enhancement of Fear Extinction Memory and Synaptic Plasticity by Inhibition of the Histone Acetyltransferase p300
Marek, R., Coelho, C. M., Sullivan, R., Baker‐Andresen, D., Li, X., Ratnu, V. S., Dudley, K. J., Meyers, D. J., Mukherjee, C., Cole, P. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0133-11.2011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Attention and regional cerebral blood flow in posttraumatic stress disorder patients with substance abuse histories
Semple, W. E., Goyer, P. F., McCormick, R., Compton-Toth, B. A., Morris, E. D., Donovan, B. S., Muswick, G. J., Nelson, D. P., Garnett, M. L., Sharkoff, J., et al. (1996) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(96)02735-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The COMTval158met polymorphism is associated with symptom relief during exposure-based cognitive-behavioral treatment in panic disorder
Lonsdorf, T. B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Öhman, A., Lindefors, N., & Schalling, M. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-99 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Activation of the infralimbic cortex in a fear context enhances extinction learningPreprint
Thompson, B. M., Baratta, M. V., Biedenkapp, J. C., Rudy, J. W., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1920810 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Reorganization of learning-associated prefrontal synaptic plasticity between the recall of recent and remote fear extinction memory
Hugues, S., & Garcia, R. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.625407 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Zinc transporter 3 is involved in learned fear and extinction, but not in innate fearPreprint
Martel, G., Hevi, C., Friebely, O., Baybutt, T. R., & Shumyatsky, G. P. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1962010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Molecular Specificity of Multiple Hippocampal Processes Governing Fear Extinction
Radulović, J., & Tronson, N. C. (2010) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2010.21.1.1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rescue of Impaired Fear Extinction and Normalization of Cortico-Amygdala Circuit Dysfunction in a Genetic Mouse Model by Dietary Zinc Restriction
Whittle, N., Hauschild, M., Lübec, G., Holmes, A., & Singewald, N. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0849-10.2010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Integrated cannabinoid CB1 receptor transmission within the amygdala–prefrontal cortical pathway modulates neuronal plasticity and emotional memory encoding
Tan, H., Lauzon, N. M., Bishop, S. F., Bechard, M. A., & Laviolette, S. R. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp210 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.
Jovanović, T., Norrholm, S. D., Keyes, M. D., Fiallos, A. M., Jovanovic, S., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., & Duncan, E. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.5.995 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Impact of Healthy Aging on Awareness and Fear Conditioning.
LaBar, K. S., Cook, C. A., Torpey, D. C., & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.905 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Auditory cortex lesions prevent the extinction of Pavlovian differential heart rate conditioning to tonal stimuli in rabbits
Teich, A. H., McCabe, P. M., Gentile, C. G., Schneiderman, L. S., Winters, R. W., Liskowsky, D. R., & Schneiderman, N. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91584-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
M-Type Potassium Channels Modulate the Intrinsic Excitability of Infralimbic Neurons and Regulate Fear Expression and Extinction
Santini, E., & Porter, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1295-10.2010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Linnman C Zeidan MA Pitman RK Milad MR Cingulate and amygdala resting metabolism correlate with autonomic and functional activation during fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry 2011b in press
Pavlov I Conditioned Reflexes 1927 Oxford University Press London

Sorted by citations

The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3916 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
The contextual brain: implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology
Maren, S., Phan, K. L., & Liberzon, I. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3492 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberzon, I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3339 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Self-citation
Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
“, 2004), and increased vmPFC activity during such recall is associated with dampened amygdala activity (Milad et al., 2007, 2009; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
Background
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Coming to terms with fear
LeDoux, J. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400335111 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications
Godoy, L. D., Rossignoli, M. T., Delfino-Pereira, P., Garcia‐Cairasco, N., & Umeoka, E. H. D. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Self-citation
Don’t fear “fear conditioning”: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear
Lonsdorf, T. B., Menz, M. M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M. A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Heitland, I., Hermann, A., Kuhn, M., Kruse, O., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Amygdala Microcircuits Controlling Learned Fear
Duvarci, S., & Pare, D. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.042 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders
Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.24 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prefrontal cortex and depression
Pizzagalli, D. A., & Roberts, A. C. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01101-7 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00298 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Neurogenesis and generalization: a new approach to stratify and treat anxiety disorders
Kheirbek, M. A., Klemenhagen, K. C., Sahay, A., & Hen, R. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3262 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Stress, glucocorticoids and memory: implications for treating fear-related disorders
de Quervain, D., Schwabe, L., & Roozendaal, B. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.155 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and anxiety disorders
VanElzakker, M. B., Kathryn Dahlgren, M., Caroline Davis, F., Dubois, S., & Shin, L. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man
Fenster, R. J., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Suh, J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0039-7 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Fear memory
Izquierdo, I., Furini, C. R. G., & Myskiw, J. C. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2015 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Sleep and emotional processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Brain Genomics Superstruct Project initial data release with structural, functional, and behavioral measures
Holmes, A. J., Hollinshead, M. O., O’Keefe, T. M., Petrov, V. I., Fariello, G., Wald, L. L., Fischl, B. R., Rosen, B. R., Mair, R. W., Roffman, J. L., et al. (2015) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.31 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
The hippocampal–prefrontal pathway: The weak link in psychiatric disorders?
Godsil, B. P., Kiss, J., Spedding, M., & Jay, T. M. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.018 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Colich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000270 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered fear circuitry and increased internalizing symptoms by late adolescence
Herringa, R. J., Birn, R. M., Ruttle, P. L., Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Davidson, R. J., & Essex, M. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310766110 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comparative Meta-analysis
Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C., Lukito, S., Hart, H., Mataix-Cols, D., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Stress and Fear Extinction
Maren, S., & Holmes, A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.180 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation
McLaughlin, K. A., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., Alves, S., & Sheridan, M. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
Pattwell, S. S., Duhoux, S., Hartley, C. A., Johnson, D. C., Jing, D., Elliott, M. D., Ruberry, E. J., Powers, A., Mehta, N., Yang, R. R., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1206834109 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of pavlovian and instrumental extinction learning
Bouton, M. E., Maren, S., & McNally, G. P. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00016.2020 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Pharmacology of cognitive enhancers for exposure-based therapy of fear, anxiety and trauma-related disorders
Singewald, N., Schmuckermair, C., Whittle, N., Holmes, A., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
“1) (Milad & Quirk, 2012), and anxiety disorders are associated with an inability to extinguish learned fear and to respond adequately to safety signals (Jovanovic et al., 2012; Michael et al., 2007; Milad et al., 2009; Milad et al., 2013; Wessa & Flor, 2007) [reviewed in (Holmes & Singewald, 2013)].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Revisiting the Role of Infralimbic Cortex in Fear Extinction with Optogenetics
Do-Monte, F. H., Manzano-Nieves, G., Quiñones-Laracuente, K., Ramos-Medina, L., & Quirk, G. J. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3137-14.2015 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citation
Disruption of Reconsolidation Erases a Fear Memory Trace in the Human Amygdala
Ågren, T., Engman, J., Frick, A., Björkstrand, J., Larsson, E., Furmark, T., & Fredrikson, M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223006 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones
Maeng, L. Y., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citation
Conscious and Unconscious Memory Systems
Squire, L. R., & Dede, A. J. O. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021667 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience
Ellis, B. J., Sheridan, M. A., Belsky, J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001838 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Mechanisms contributing to prefrontal cortex maturation during adolescence
Caballero, A., Granberg, R., & Tseng, K. Y. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.013 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The birth, death and resurrection of avoidance: a reconceptualization of a troubled paradigm
LeDoux, J. E., Moscarello, J., Sears, R., & Campese, V (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.166 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD
Alexandra Kredlow, M., Fenster, R. J., Laurent, E. S., Ressler, K. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01155-7 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“The vmPFC is proposed to be the homologue for the IL in rodents [87] and serves to inhibit threat responses produced by the amygdala.”
Background
Rethinking extinction
Dunsmoor, J. E., Niv, Y., Daw, N., & Phelps, E. A. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.028 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Circuit-Based Corticostriatal Homologies Between Rat and Primate
Heilbronner, S. R., Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Quirk, G. J., Groenewegen, H. J., & Haber, S. N. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.012 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citation
Distinct hippocampal engrams control extinction and relapse of fear memory
Lacagnina, A. F., Brockway, E. T., Crovetti, C. R., Shue, F., McCarty, M. J., Sattler, K. P., Lim, S. C., Santos, S. L., Denny, C. A., & Drew, M. R. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0361-z · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Fear extinction in the human brain: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in healthy participants
Fullana, M. A., Albajes-Eizagirre, A., Soriano-Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Benet, O., Radua, J., & Harrison, B. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.002 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Deficits in Conditioned Fear Extinction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Neurobiological Changes in the Fear Circuit
Milad, M. R., Furtak, S. C., Greenberg, J. L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J. J., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, M., Rauch, S. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans
Malter Cohen, M., Jing, D., Yang, R. R., Tottenham, N., Lee, F. S., & Casey, B. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310163110 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex: partners in the fear circuit
Marek, R., Strobel, C., Bredy, T. W., & Sah, P. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.248575 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement
Schiller, D., Kanen, J. W., LeDoux, J. E., Monfils, M., & Phelps, E. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1320322110 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The role of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders: Gaps and directions for future research
Pittig, A., Treanor, M., LeBeau, R. T., & Craske, M. G. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Individual differences in amygdala-medial prefrontal anatomy link negative affect, impaired social functioning, and polygenic depression risk
Holmes, A. J., Lee, P. H., Hollinshead, M. O., Bakst, L., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., & Buckner, R. L. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2531-12.2012 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Consistent with a role in the modulation of affective and visceral functions, the mPFC and amygdala share reciprocal connections (Milad and Quirk, 2012; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Price and Drevets, 2010).”
Background
Interoception and drug addiction
Paulus, M. P., & Stewart, J. L. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.002 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Blockade of Estrogen by Hormonal Contraceptives Impairs Fear Extinction in Female Rats and Women
Graham, B. M., & Milad, M. R. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.018 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fear extinction and BDNF: translating animal models of PTSD to the clinic
Andero, R., & Ressler, K. J. (2012) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00801.x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors
Jacques, A., Chaaya, N., Beecher, K., Ali, S. A., Belmer, A., & Bartlett, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
A causal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: disentangling predisposed from acquired neural abnormalities
Admon, R., Milad, M. R., & Hendler, T. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.005 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neural and computational systems of social learning
Olsson, A., Knapska, E., & Lindström, B. (2020) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-0276-4 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Scopolamine Rapidly Increases Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling, Synaptogenesis, and Antidepressant Behavioral Responses
Voleti, B., Navarria, A., Liu, R.-J., Banasr, M., Li, N., Terwilliger, R., Sanacora, G., Eid, T., Aghajanian, G., & Duman, R. S. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.025 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The touchscreen operant platform for assessing executive function in rats and mice
Mar, A. C., Horner, A. E., Nilsson, S. R. O., Alsiö, J., Kent, B. A., Kim, C. H., Holmes, A., Saksida, L. M., & Bussey, T. J. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.123 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“A deficit in the ability to encode, consolidate, or retrieve extinction memory is believed to play a role in the development and perpetuation of such disorders [6, 59, 61, 87].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits Regulate Associative Fear Conditioning
Krabbe, S., Gründemann, J., & Lüthi, A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.006 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Very long-term memories may be stored in the pattern of holes in the perineuronal net
Tsien, R. Y. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310158110 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex Volumes Differ in Maltreated Youth with and without Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Morey, R. A., Haswell, C. C., Hooper, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.205 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13928 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
More than just noise: Inter-individual differences in fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear in humans - Biological, experiential, temperamental factors, and methodological pitfalls
Lonsdorf, T. B., & Merz, C. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Prefrontal inputs to the amygdala instruct fear extinction memory formation
Bukalo, O., Pinard, C. R., Silverstein, S., Brehm, C., Hartley, N. D., Whittle, N., Colacicco, G., Busch, E., Patel, S., Singewald, N., et al. (2015) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500251 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Fear extinction requires infralimbic cortex projections to the basolateral amygdala
Bloodgood, D. W., Sugam, J. A., Holmes, A., & Kash, T. L. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0106-x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Hippocampus-driven feed-forward inhibition of the prefrontal cortex mediates relapse of extinguished fear
Marek, R., Jin, J., Goode, T. D., Giustino, T. F., Wang, Q., Acca, G. M., Holehonnur, R., Ploski, J. E., Fitzgerald, P. J., Lynagh, T., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0073-9 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Fear Generalization, and Stress
Besnard, A., & Sahay, A. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.167 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Stress-induced plasticity and functioning of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons
Douma, E. H., & de Kloet, E. R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.015 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Physiological feelings
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“physiological measures are of continued importance in understanding emotional behavior and have been exceedingly successful in combination with neuroimaging paradigms (e.g., Critchley and Harrison, 2013; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000014 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Human studies of fear conditioning and extinction have generally used skin conductance response (SCR), a reliable measure of sympathetic activation (Milad & Quirk, 2012), or fear potentiation of the blink startle response (Grillon & Baas, 2003; Jovanovic & Ressler, 2010) as psychophysiological CR…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Oxytocin facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear in humans
Eckstein, M., Becker, B., Scheele, D., Scholz, C., Preckel, K., Schlaepfer, T. E., Grinevich, V., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.015 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Optogenetic dissection of medial prefrontal cortex circuitry
Riga, D., Matos, M. R., Glas, A., Smit, A. B., Spijker, S., & Van den Oever, M. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00230 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target
McLaughlin, K. A., DeCross, S. N., Jovanović, T., & Tottenham, N. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Mechanisms of estradiol in fear circuitry: implications for sex differences in psychopathology
Cover, K. K., Maeng, L. Y., Lebrón‐Milad, K., & Milad, M. R. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.67 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amygdala–Prefrontal Cortex Functional Connectivity During Threat-Induced Anxiety and Goal Distraction
Gold, A. L., Morey, R. A., & McCarthy, G. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.030 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00043 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Pain, decisions, and actions: a motivational perspective
Wiech, K., & Tracey, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00046 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Inhibitory learning approaches to exposure therapy: a critical review and translation to obsessive-compulsive disorder
Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Neocortical Tet3-mediated accumulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine promotes rapid behavioral adaptation
Li, X., Wei, W., Zhao, Q., Widagdo, J., Baker‐Andresen, D., Flavell, C. R., D’Alessio, A. C., Zhang, Y., & Bredy, T. W. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1318906111 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Hippocampal–Prefrontal BDNF and Memory for Fear Extinction
Rosas-Vidal, L. E., Do-Monte, F. H., Sotres-Bayon, F., & Quirk, G. J. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.64 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abstract context representations in primate amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Saez, A., Rigotti, M., Ostojic, S., Fusi, S., & Salzman, C. D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.024 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Putting the “mental” back in “mental disorders”: a perspective from research on fear and anxiety
Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V., Michel, M., Lau, H. C., Hofmann, S. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01395-5 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Dopamine neurons drive fear extinction learning by signaling the omission of expected aversive outcomes
Salinas-Hernández, X. I., Vogel, P., Betz, S., Kalisch, R., Sigurdsson, T., & Duvarci, S. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.38818 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability
Petrovic, P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00070 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Such signals are dependent on amygdala and ventral striatum, sub-cortical regions that often are co-activated with insula and ACC (Paulus et al., 2005; Paulus and Stein, 2006; Kable and Glimcher, 2007; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Its Regulation in PTSD
Fitzgerald, J. M., DiGangi, J. A., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000185 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A review of decreased sound tolerance in autism: Definitions, phenomenology, and potential mechanisms
Williams, Z. J., He, J. L., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Regulating emotion through distancing: a taxonomy, neurocognitive model, and supporting meta-analysis
Powers, J. P., & LaBar, K. S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.023 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate cortex and its input to the basolateral amygdala control innate fear response
Jhang, J., Lee, H., Kang, M. S., Lee, H.-S., Park, H., & Han, J. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05090-y · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Dentate Gyrus Contributes to Retrieval as well as Encoding: Evidence from Context Fear Conditioning, Recall, and Extinction
Bernier, B. E., Lacagnina, A. F., Ayoub, A., Shue, F., Zemelman, B. V., Krasne, F. B., & Drew, M. R. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3029-16.2017 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Placebo Effects: Concepts, Predictions, and Physiology
Geuter, S., Koban, L., & Wager, T. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031132 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A learning theory of attachment: Unraveling the black box of attachment development
Bosmans, G., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Vervliet, B., Verhees, M. W. F. T., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.014 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Single dose of <scp>l</scp> -dopa makes extinction memories context-independent and prevents the return of fear
Haaker, J., Gaburro, S., Sah, A., Gartmann, N., Lonsdorf, T. B., Meier, K., Singewald, N., Pape, H.-C., Morellini, F., & Kalisch, R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1303061110 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Vagus nerve stimulation enhances extinction of conditioned fear and modulates plasticity in the pathway from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala
PeÃ±a, D. F., Childs, J. E., Willett, S., Vital, A., McIntyre, C. K., & Kroener, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00327 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Novelty-facilitated extinction: Providing a novel outcome in place of an expected threat diminishes recovery of defensive responses
Dunsmoor, J. E., Campese, V. D., Ceceli, A. O., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Understanding clinical fear and anxiety through the lens of human fear conditioning
Beckers, T., Hermans, D., Lange, I., Luyten, L., Scheveneels, S., & Vervliet, B. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00156-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Child abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal study
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Brueck, S., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12630 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans
Rabinak, C. A., Angstadt, M., Sripada, C. S., Abelson, J. L., Liberzon, I., Milad, M. R., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.063 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
Viewpoints: Dialogues on the functional role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Delgado, M. R., Beer, J. S., Fellows, L. K., Huettel, S. A., Platt, M. L., Quirk, G. J., & Schiller, D. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4438 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation

Parsing neural circuits of fear learning and extinction across basic and clinical neuroscience: towards better translation.
Namkung, H., Thomas, K. L., Hall, J., & Sawa, A. (2021) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.025 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A translational perspective on neural circuits of fear extinction: Current promises and challenges
Sevenster, D., Visser, R. M., & D’Hooge, R. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
14. Fear Extinction in the Human Brain: Four Meta-Analyses of fMRI Studies
Harrison, B. J., Albajes‐Eizagirre, A., Soriano‐Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Benet, O., Raduà, J., & Fullana, M. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fear Extinction as a Psychologist Views It
Vervliet, B. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_433
www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans
A, M. R. D., B, A. O., & B, E. A. P. (2005)

Authors: Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (PR)
ORCID: Milad, Mohammed R.
Quirk, Gregory J.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-01-10
Volume: 63
Issue: 1
Pages: 129-151
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631
PMC: PMC4942586
OpenAlex: W2160253364
Semantic Scholar: 3e1b47b5a0d8ab9823c918aa6f6ce64eb2eba033
Cited by: 1,466
References: 228
Citations by year: 2026: 105 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 5.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p50mh086400-05, 5r01mh081975-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (P-50-MH-086400, K01-MH08036, R01-MH081975, R01MH058883, K01MH080346)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: fear extinction, fear conditioning, neural circuits, translational neuroscience, psychobiology, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Brain, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurosciences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks