Cited by 397Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMemory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and Influences

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Fear Extinction in Traumatized Civilians with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Relation to Symptom Severity

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Norrholm, Seth D., Jovanovic, Tanja, Olin, Ilana W., Sands, Lauren A., Karapanou, India, Bradley, Bekh, Ressler, Kerry J.·2011·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013PMC PMC3052965

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Abstract

Background The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained, at least in part, as an inability to inhibit learned fear during conditions of safety. Our group has shown that fear inhibition is impaired in both combat and civilian PTSD populations. On the basis of our earlier findings, we employed an established fear extinction paradigm to further explore fear dysregulation in a civilian traumatized population.Methods Fear-potentiated startle (FPS) was examined in 127 trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD. We used a protocol in which conditioned fear was first acquired through the presentation of one colored shape (reinforced conditioned stimulus, [CS+]) that was paired with an aversive air blast to the larynx (unconditioned stimulus) and a different colored shape that was not paired to the air blast (nonreinforced condition stimulus). Fear was extinguished 10 min later through repeated presentations of the CSs without reinforcement.Results Both groups demonstrated successful fear conditioning on the basis of startle and unconditioned stimulus-expectancy ratings; however, participants with PTSD displayed greater FPS responses to the CS+ and nonreinforced conditioned stimulus compared with the group without PTSD. During fear extinction, the PTSD group showed elevated FPS responses to the previously reinforced CS+ during the early and middle stages of extinction. During the acquisition and extinction phases, PTSD participants with higher levels of reexperiencing symptoms exhibited greater potentiated startle responses to the CS+ compared with PTSD participants with lower reexperiencing symptoms.Conclusions These results suggest that PTSD is associated with enhanced fear learning and a greater "fear load" to extinguish after conditioned fear is acquired.

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Authors: Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Olin, I. W., Sands, L. A., Karapanou, I., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
ORCID: Norrholm, Seth D.
Sands, Lauren A.
Bradley, Bekh
Ressler, Kerry J.
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 69
Issue: 6
Pages: 556-563
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013
PMC: PMC3052965
OpenAlex: W2046222481
Cited by: 397
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 19.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
Department of Defense/Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (W81XWH-08-2-0170)
Emory University Research Committee
Clinical and Translational Science Award program, National Institutes of Health (UL1 RR025008)
National Center for Research Resources
National Institute of Mental Health (F32 MH070129, MH071537)
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
National Centers for Research Resources (M01 RR00039)
Burroughs Wellcome Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, fear extinction, fear potentiation, fear conditioning, fear inhibition, re-experiencing symptoms, symptom severity, civilian trauma
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Psychophysics, Severity of Illness Index, Reflex, Startle, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Wounds and Injuries

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Fear Extinction in Traumatized Civilians with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Relation to Symptom Severity

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