The DOI matches its Crossref record; 125 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
Through neuromodulatory influences over fronto-striato-cerebellar circuits, dopamine and noradrenaline play important roles in high-level executive functions often reported to be impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Medications used in the treatment of ADHD (including methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and atomoxetine) act to increase brain catecholamine levels. However, the precise prefrontal cortical and subcortical mechanisms by which these agents exert their therapeutic effects remain to be fully specified. Herein, we review and discuss the present state of knowledge regarding the roles of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline in the regulation of corticostriatal circuits, with a focus on the molecular neuroimaging literature (both in ADHD patients and in healthy subjects). Recent positron emission tomography evidence has highlighted the utility of quantifying DA markers, at baseline or following drug administration, in striatal subregions governed by differential cortical connectivity. This approach opens the possibility of characterizing the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD (and associated cognitive dysfunction) and its treatment by targeting specific neural circuits. It is anticipated that the application of refined and novel positron emission tomography methodology will help to disentangle the overlapping and dissociable contributions of DA and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex, thereby aiding our understanding of ADHD and facilitating new treatments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Deficiencies in catecholamines such as NE and DA [75, 79, 80] or dysregulation of such NTs, which are essential for normal brain function, including executive and attentional functions [33], are among the causing physiological alterations that have been reported to explain ADHD development.”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“NE-mediated signal transduction speed and duration are affected by NE transporter (NET) protein, as it is involved in NE reuptake [79].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“NE, also known as noradrenaline (NA), is an important NT in behaviour control, playing a key role in high-level cognitive processes such as working memory and inhibitory response, which appear to be disrupted in ADHD [79], producing irritability and anxiety [85].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Deficits in certain kinds of attention are relevant to ADHD and other neurological disorders associated with dopamine deficiency (Del Campo et al., 2011).”
From Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Del Campo et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex
Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010 · Cited by 3,197
Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans
Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1003 · Cited by 1,771
Self-citationHaber, S. N., Fudge, J. L., & McFarland, N. R. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-06-02369.2000 · Cited by 1,610
Modulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
Williams, G. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376572a0 · Cited by 1,593
On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: A model and a method.
Logan, G. D., Cowan, W. B., & Davis, K. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.10.2.276 · Cited by 1,542
The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks
Haber, S. N. (2003) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003 · Cited by 1,479
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Selective Overview
Biederman, J. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020 · Cited by 1,343
The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: inhibition and attentional control
Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., Monti, M. M., Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109 · Cited by 1,327
Self-citationMolina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c23d0 · Cited by 1,182
Bymaster, F. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00346-9 · Cited by 1,123
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 129 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Draganski, 2008, Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human basal ganglia, J Neurosci, 28, 7143, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–685 of 685
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18750-6.00028-6
Rebecchi, K. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/egv2p
Cezar, L. C. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.10.2022.tde-20012023-112002
Interface cérebro e máquina: atividade neuronal no transtorno déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
da Silveira, F. M. (2022) · Journal · doi:10.56238/cpahjournalv5n2-002
Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Reynisdóttir, U. E., Sigurvinsdóttir, R., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2023) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2023.2177712
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Równiak, M., Wojtacha, P., Ml, T., Huang, A. C. W., & Kozłowska, A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3102142/v1
Badawy, A. F. (2023) · Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology · doi:10.21608/jesp.2023.312190
Study on complex attention between yoga and non-yoga female group
Ghosh, K., Gayen, A., & Mondal, S. (2023) · International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health · doi:10.22271/kheljournal.2023.v10.i6b.3138
Kustow, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95082-4.00004-9 · Cited by 1
McNaughton, N., & Lages, Y. (2024) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2024.1
Srignanasoundari, E., & Satheesh Kumar, C. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy · doi:10.7897/2277-4343.15382
Falck, J., Lindenberg, K., Schwarzer, G., Straube, B., & Shing, Y. L. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zu7pr
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Harris, J. C., & Coyle, J. T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199928118.003.0017 · Cited by 1
Zhu, W. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v13.i2.98319
The C886T Mutation in the TH Gene Reduces the Activity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Brain of Mice
Alsallum, I., Moskaliuk, V. S., Rakhov, I. A., Базовкина, Д. В., & Куликов, А. В. (2024) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.31857/s0320972524060048
Chaudhary, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78991-5_6
A KATP channel theory of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Rappoport, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-345008-2.00012-6
Beyond rickets: sunshine vitamin’s impact on ADHD: A review
Mahanti, M. (2025) · Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/msarr.2025.14.1.0076
Dzieciństwo, dorastanie i dorosłość kobiet z ADHD
Skoglund, L. B., & Plęs, Ł. M. (2025) · Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego eBooks · doi:10.18778/8331-711-3
Chemogenetic tools for modulation of spatial learning in dopamine transporter deficient rats
Gromova, A. A., Shemiakova, T. S., Георгиевич, Х. М., Petrunina, E. N., Belskaya, A. D., Gainetdinov, R. R., Kurzina, N. P., & Volnova, A. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1615208
Pérez-Colorado, A., Martínez-Marín, R., López, J. C., Vargas, J. P., & Díaz, E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7176694/v1
Harrington, K. (2024) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.3a6ae94dg
Exploring the Integrated Gut-Brain Metabolic Model for ADHD
Taş, E., & Ülgen, K. Ö. (2025) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-025-11234-9
Parlatini, V., Raduà, J., Thomas, H., Garcia‐Argibay, M., Bellato, A., Cortese, S., & Murphy, D. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03557-3
Satodiya, V., & Gupta, S. K. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.93949 · Cited by 1
Lipschits, O., Sadon, S., & Geva, R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-03051-6
Mathieu, A., Schöllkopf, U., Chen, S., Widmann, A., Wetzel, N., & Bidet‐Caulet, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.684607
Prasad, H. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70334 · Cited by 2
Animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Diversity and validity
Nehme, S. B. S., Sánchez‐Sarasúa, S., Medrano, M., Bouchatta, O., Bitar, T., Alameddine, A., Galineau, L., Brunault, P., Kerekes, N., Sánchez‐Pérez, A. M., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100108
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat attention disorders (ADHD)
Crunelle, C. L., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00016-6
Chen, J., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Li, R., Zhang, X.-X., & Wu, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25865-5
Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, Neural Basis of
Loe, I. M., & Feldman, H. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.55004-1
Dezfouli, R. A., Hosseinpour, A., Ketabforoush, S., & Daneshzad, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26674161
Dezfouli, R. A., Hosseinpour, A., Ketabforoush, S., & Daneshzad, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26674164
Torrillas-de la Cal, A., Torres-Sánchez, S., Bravo, L., Llorca-Torralba, M., Garcia-Partida, J. A., Arroba, A. I., & Berrocoso, E. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24077000
Browning, L., Fabiano, N., Luu, B., Brinkmeier, K., & Puder, D. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03878-9
ADHD stimulants are being used recreationally, with consequences for users
Aitken, B., & Hayley, A. (2025) · doi:10.64628/aa.9dk5njt3v
Increased Serum Netrin-1 Levels Among Children Diagnosed With ADHD
Ozturk, H. H., Sezen, S., Çağlar, E., Ulkar, S. E., & Açıkel, S. B. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251408127
Lv, G.-G., Shan, Y.-D., Shao, J.-J., Ma, C.-Y., Yu, Z.-F., Liu, J.-Z., Zhang, L.-M., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06995-5
Bejarano-Coria, M., Beciez-Flores, D., & Corona, J. C. (2026) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-026-00782-6
Kim, Y.-J., & Lee, Y.-A. (2026) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2026.20.1.31
Madhyastha, S., & Rao, M. S. (2026) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/011570159x409741251202071559
Neuroprotective Marine Bioactives in Paediatric ADHD: A Focused Review on Therapeutic Potential
Chaudhary, B., Arya, P., Kumar, P., Agarwal, G., & Grewal, A. S. (2026) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273418458251114104948
The potential of neuromelanin-sensitive MRI in psychiatric disorders
Neutelings, E., van de Giessen, E., de Haan, L., & van der Pluijm, M. (2026) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2026.106994 · Cited by 1
Sokolov, A. Y., Zaytsev, V. V., Shcherbinin, A. V., & Kamshilin, A. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1777457
Dafny, N., Reyes-Vasquez, C., & Claussen, C. M. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Neurology · doi:10.33696/neurol.7.124
Bahameish, M., Al‐Thani, D., Al-Abdulla, M., Stockman, T., & Abd-alrazaq, A. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00550-4
Grandjean, A. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/09142f43z5b6fz462bz83c7za94811509c36
Biomarqueurs du TDAH : corrélations métabolomiques et neuro-cognitives
Dupuy, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b52016ddzfbf1z4ad6z9b8fz05a2eff94ccb
Glăvan, D., Udriștoiu, I., Hermann, D. M., Fîlfan, M., Doeppner, T. R., Gheorman, V., & Popa‐Wagner, A. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111700
Li, J., Chen, W., Li, C., Fu, D., Liu, A., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01449-7
Nawarathna, G. S., Ariyasinghe, D. I., Balasooriya, N., Fernando, A., & Dassanayake, T. L. (2026) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2026.2659148
Jackson, E., Riley, T., & Overton, P. G. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0349512
Pérez-Colorado, A., López, J. J. P., Martínez-Marín, R., Vargas, J. P., & Díaz, E. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111757
Li, Y., Ma, Z., Falchi, W., Huang, L., Chen, Z., & Hai, W. (2026) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000552870
Mạc, G. L., Trần, K. N., Tran, T. D., Shao, H., Wang, Y., Park, K., Jung, H.-W., & Yang, I.-J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1812398
Gianini, S. H. S., Porto, A. A., Raimundo, R. D., de Souza, I. S., Garner, D. M., & Valenti, V. E. (2026) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903261456725
When, How, and for Whom? A narrative review contextualizing bilingual effects in ADHD
Murphy, M.-K., & Durrleman, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Language Sciences · doi:10.3389/flang.2026.1808320
Wen, Y., 周卓如, Li, M., He, C., Du, X., Zhang, T., Zheng, D., Hu, Z., Cai, X., & Zhou, H. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03027-1
Kasahara, S., Aoki, S., Takahashi, M., Motoya, R., Sanpei, T., Morita, T., Fukada, Y., & Niwa, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1837517 · Cited by 1
Kale, M. K., Bılaç, Ö., Batır, M. B., & Çam, F. S. (2026) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.70162
Pekkoc-Uyanik, K. C., Bayındır, M., Akdemir, M. F., Okuyan, A. A., Tarakçıoğlu, M., Ozyazgan, S., & Seven, Z. G. T. (2026) · Pharmacogenomics (London) · doi:10.1080/14622416.2026.2706504
Pedersen, M. L., Mowinckel, A. M., Ziegler, S., Fredriksen, M., Bjørnerud, A., Endestad, T., & Biele, G. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726104954
Neurophysiological and biological effects of music-based interventions in ADHD: a mini review
Zrelski, M. M., Serrallach, B. L., & Groß, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1901818
THE ROLE OF DIETARY AND SUPPLEMENTATION INTERVENTIONS IN ALLEVIATING ADHD SYMPTOMS
Balon, S., Maćkowski, M., Białowąs, W., Białowąs, M., Urban, K. P., Śmietana, A., Sojka, N. J., Dubiel, K. M., Magnowski, J. J., & Szwed, P. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5089
Alsalloum, I., Rakhov, I. A., Komleva, P. D., Николаевна, К. В., Bastrikova, A. E., Kulikov, A. V., & Базовкина, Д. В. (2026) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297926600171
Jackson, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1895931
Versprille, L. J. F. W., Yano, K., Petersen, A., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07131-7
Zhang, M., Li, B., Li, S., Zhao, S., Li, L., Jiang, Y., Situ, M., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag099
Rodríguez, C. A. L., & Martín-Rodríguez, A. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14090389
Chen, M. X., Jager, P., Sawyer, A., & Stevens, H. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1820942
Jassem, O. A., Darwish, M., Rifi, R., Chawiche, C., Khalil, H., Ayoub, S., Bassar, M. A., Moubayed, A. E., Malli, L., Kamal, M., et al. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0006528
Microbiome and Diseases: Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders
de Castilhos, J., & Stein‐Thoeringer, C. K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26410-7_18
Azimzadeh, M., & Azimzadeh, M. (2026) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.70059
He, Y., Ebneabbasi, A., Rademaker, K., Jin, E. Z., Gu, Y., Femi, F., Riegis, C. M. L., Pearson, B., Polimanti, R. A., Grove, J., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.21.26363544
Shi, S., Baranova, A., Cao, H., & Zhang, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2026.1972696
Iwamae, M., Toyoda, H., Kurita, N., Nikaido, T., Tominaga, R., Endo, Y., Fujita, N., Konno, S., & Ohtori, S. (2026) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-026-10419-z
Zhu, F., Dong, Z., Kuang, D., Zhu, X., Bi, X., Li, Z., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Xu, B., et al. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70386
黄维琳, Lai, X., Zhu, J., Zheng, G., & Liang, J. (2026) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228261498074
Cognitive impairment: quantification and possibilities for pharmacological treatment
Housden, C. R. (2013) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.16550
Metadata
- Authors
- del Campo, N., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e145-e157
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025431637
- Cited by
- 685
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gates Cambridge Trust
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dopamine, norepinephrine, catecholamines, executive function, corticostriatal circuits, prefrontal cortex, striatum, positron emission tomography, methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, atomoxetine, neuromodulation, ADHD treatment
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Humans, Neural Pathways, Norepinephrine, Prefrontal Cortex, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
