The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 153 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diagnostic Biomarkers for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Promising Horizons from Translational Neuroscience Research
Open accessAbstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects individuals exposed to trauma (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence, and natural disasters). Although its diagnostic features have been recently reclassified with the emergence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, the disorder remains characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive reminders of the trauma, avoidance of trauma-related cues, and negative cognition and mood. This heterogeneity indicates the presence of multiple neurobiological mechanisms underlying the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Translational research spanning the past few decades has revealed several potential avenues for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD. These include, but are not limited to, monoaminergic transmitter systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, metabolic hormonal pathways, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactivity, and neural circuits. The current review provides an update to the literature with regard to the most promising putative PTSD biomarkers, with specific emphasis on the interaction between neurobiological influences on disease risk and symptom progression. Such biomarkers will most likely be identified by multi-dimensional models derived from comprehensive descriptions of molecular, neurobiological, behavioral, and clinical phenotypes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These data in parallel with evidence indicating that PTSD is a chronic disorder with dysregulated stress axis function (Michopoulos et al, 2015b), have recently led to a burgeoning attempt to understand how”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Michopoulos et al, 2015b
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, this inflammation-induced amygdala response may also contribute to the association between increased CRP levels and heightened psychophysiological hyperarousal in traumatized individuals with PTSD (Michopoulos et al, 2015b).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Michopoulos et al, 2015b
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Pietrzak, R. H., Gallezot, J., Ding, Y., Henry, S. E., Potenza, M. N., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Carson, R. E., & Neumeister, A. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.399 · Cited by 127
RetractedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
da Luz, A. C. D. D. S., Dias, G. P., Bevilaqua, M. C. D. N., Cocks, G. D., Gardino, P. F., Thuret, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2013) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000353269 · Cited by 4,015
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391
Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-126 · Cited by 3,053
Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression
Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 · Cited by 3,009
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753
Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma
Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn958 · Cited by 1,635
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- von Känel, 2007, Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Psychiatr Res, 41, 744, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.06.009 · DOI · Paper page
- Shalev, 2000, Auditory startle response in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective study, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 255, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.255 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–206 of 206
Bondarenko, L. B., Karatsuba, T. A., Voronina, A., Мунько, М. А., Kovalenko, V. M., & Shayakhmetova, G. M. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174143
Predicting stress-induced vulnerability to depression in diabetes
Alaeddine, L. M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/41d9cd78zd5dez4ccfzae36zbb176db78e3f
Spezifisch Belastungs-assoziierte Störungen
Kapfhammer, H., Eberle, D. J., & Maercker, A. (2026) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_71-2
Levy, F., Humbert, L., Daouda, O. S., Sonia Pellissier, A., Simson, J.-P., Peyrefitte, S., Mahé, P., Trouve, C., Rouquet, C., Ferhani, O., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.031
Biochemical blood markers and their application in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder
PROKOPIV, R., KOZHAN, S., & Fedevych, Y. M. (2026) · Experimental and Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.25040/ecpb2026.02.112
Predicting Postraumatic Stress Disorder in Single-Incident Trauma Survivors with an Acute Injury
Hunt, J. C. (2015) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
Metadata
- Authors
- Michopoulos, V., Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 344-353
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4520791
- OpenAlex
- W2087060903
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH098212, MH100122)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, diagnostic biomarkers, monoaminergic systems, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactivity, neural circuits, trauma exposure, neurobiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Neurosciences, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Biomarkers, Translational Research, Biomedical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
