The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. However, it is unclear whether ADHD medication increases or decreases the risk for depression.Methods We studied all individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD born between 1960 and 1998 in Sweden (N = 38,752). We obtained data for prescription of ADHD medication, diagnosis of depression and other psychiatric disorders, and sociodemographic factors from population-based registers. The association between ADHD medication and depression was estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression.Results After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical confounders, ADHD medication was associated with a reduced long-term risk (i.e., 3 years later) for depression (hazard ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.67). The risk was lower for longer duration of ADHD medication. Also, ADHD medication was associated with reduced rates of concurrent depression; within-individual analysis suggested that occurrence of depression was 20% less common during periods when patients received ADHD medication compared with periods when they did not (hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.92).Conclusions Our study suggests that ADHD medication does not increase the risk of later depression; rather, medication was associated with a reduced risk for subsequent and concurrent depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is indicated in prospective studies that patients with ADHD, whether treated or not, are at increased risk for early death, suicide, and increased psychiatric comorbidity, particularly substance use disorders.71,72”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [71]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A nationwide longitudinal cohort study using the Swedish national registers found that among more than 38,000 individuals with ADHD, ADHD medication was associated with a greater than 40% reduction in the risk for depression three years later. The risk decreased with the duration of ADHD medication use. Depression was 20% less common when patients received ADHD medication compared with periods”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research
Ludvigsson, J. F., Otterblad-Olausson, P., Pettersson, B. U., & Ekbom, A. (2009) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9350-y · Cited by 2,407
Wettermark, B., Hammar, N., MichaelFored, C., Leimanis, A., Otterblad Olausson, P., Bergman, U., Persson, I., Sundström, A., Westerholm, B., & Rosén, M. (2007) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1294 · Cited by 1,887
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424 · Cited by 1,872
General hospital psychiatry: the Italian experience.
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,277
Angold, A. C., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 725
The Worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 688
Dalsgaard, S., Østergaard, S. D., Leckman, J. F., Mortensen, P. B., & Pedersen, M. G. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61684-6 · Cited by 681
3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study
JENSEN, P. S., ARNOLD, L. E., SWANSON, J. M., VITIELLO, B., ABIKOFF, H. B., GREENHILL, L. L., HECHTMAN, L., HINSHAW, S. P., PELHAM, W. E., WELLS, K. C., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d48 · Cited by 643
Medication for Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminality
Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., Zetterqvist, J., Sjölander, A., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203241 · Cited by 611
Self-citationMajor life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Barkley, R. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 581
Cortese, S., Holtmann, M., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Coghill, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Graham, J., Taylor, E., Sergeant, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12036 · Cited by 336
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., D’Onofrio, B. M., Sjölander, A., & Larsson, H. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4174 · Cited by 293
Self-citationA Review of Co-Morbid Depression in Pediatric ADHD: Etiologies, Phenomenology, and Treatment
Daviss, W. B. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.032 · Cited by 269
Bolaños, C. A., Barrot, M., Berton, O., Wallace-Black, D., & Nestler, E. J. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00570-5 · Cited by 266
Depression and violence: a Swedish population study
Fazel, S., Wolf, A., Chang, Z., Larsson, H., Goodwin, G. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00128-x · Cited by 263
Self-citationEnduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats
Carlezon, W. A., Mague, S. D., & Andersen, S. L. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.020 · Cited by 248
Do Stimulants Protect Against Psychiatric Disorders in Youth With ADHD? A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3347 · Cited by 246
Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D'Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12164 · Cited by 225
Self-citationLarsson, H., Rydén, E., Boman, M., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., & Landén, M. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.120808 · Cited by 199
Self-citationHECHTMAN, L., ABIKOFF, H., KLEIN, R. G., WEISS, G., RESPITZ, C., KOURI, J., BLUM, C., GREENFIELD, B., ETCOVITCH, J., FLEISS, K., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000128796.84202.eb · Cited by 197
The Global Market For ADHD Medications
Scheffler, R. M., Hinshaw, S. P., Modrek, S., & Levine, P. (2007) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.450 · Cited by 196
Lavretsky, H., Reinlieb, M., St. Cyr, N., Siddarth, P., Ercoli, L. M., & Senturk, D. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070889 · Cited by 184
Fredriksen, M., Halmøy, A., Faraone, S. V., & Haavik, J. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016 · Cited by 173
Chen, Q., Sjolander, A., Runeson, B., D'Onofrio, B. M., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g3769 · Cited by 170
Self-citationComorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview.
Pliszka, S. R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 154
Use of ADHD drugs in the Nordic countries: a population-based comparison study
Zoëga, H., Furu, K., Halldórsson, M., Thomsen, P. H., Sourander, A., & Martikainen, J. E. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01607.x · Cited by 107
The Atomoxetine ADHD and Comorbid MDD Study Group:, Bangs, M. E., Emslie, G. J., Spencer, T. J., Ramsey, J. L., Carlson, C., Bartky, E. J., Busner, J., Duesenberg, D. A., Harshawat, P., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0066 · Cited by 103
Population-Based Studies of Adverse Drug Effects
Ray, W. A. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp038145 · Cited by 100
Waxmonsky, J. G. (2003) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200310000-00006 · Cited by 89
Faraone, S., & Wilens, T. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 75
Post-Approval Drug Safety Surveillance
Gibbons, R. D., Amatya, A. K., Brown, C. H., Hur, K., Marcus, S. M., Bhaumik, D. K., & Mann, J. J. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103649 · Cited by 70
Corp, S. A., Gitlin, M. J., & Altshuler, L. L. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13r08851 · Cited by 56
Daviss, W. B., Birmaher, B. B., Diler, R. S., & Mintz, J. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0100 · Cited by 54
National Trends in Psychotropic Medication Use in Young Children: 1994–2009
Chirdkiatgumchai, V., Xiao, H., Fredstrom, B. K., Adams, R. E., Epstein, J. N., Shah, S. S., Brinkman, W. B., Kahn, R. S., & Froehlich, T. E. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1546 · Cited by 45
van der Marel, K., Bouët, V., Meerhoff, G. F., Fréret, T., Boulouard, M., Dauphin, F., Klomp, A., Lucassen, P. J., Homberg, J. R., Dijkhuizen, R. M., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.044 · Cited by 34
Drug-induced Depression: a Case/Non Case Study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database
Lafay‐Chebassier, C., Chavant, F., Favrelière, S., Pizzoglio, V., & Pérault‐Pochat, M. (2015) · Therapies · doi:10.2515/therapie/2015026 · Cited by 27
Kim, J.-Y., Kim, M., Ha, J.-H., Jang, J., Hwang, M.-S., Lee, B. K., Chung, M. W., Yoo, T. M., & Kim, M. J. (2011) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.015 · Cited by 16
Childhood Stimulant Treatment and Teen Depression: Is There a Relationship?
Staikova, E., Marks, D. J., Miller, C., Newcorn, J., & Halperin, J. (2010) · Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2009.0107 · Cited by 8
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, S. C. O. Q. I. A. M. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654 · Cited by 2,185
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545
“Depression was 20 % less common when patients received ADHD medication compared with periods when they did not (Chang et al., 2016).”
Self-citationWolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528 · Cited by 1,562
“comorbidity, particularly substance use disorders.(71,72) They also have”
Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V., & Brent, D. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01012-1 · Cited by 869
Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Nunes Filipe, C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 · Cited by 686
Metadata
- Authors
- Chang, Z., D’Onofrio, B. M., Quinn, P. D., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Zheng
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 916-922
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4995143
- OpenAlex
- W2278520419
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 9.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001108, TL1TR001107)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH102221)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, depression, psychiatric comorbidity, duration of drug use, mental illness, long-term risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Drug Prescriptions, Registries, Risk, Sweden, Time Factors, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
